Cigarette Smoking Causes And Effects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2966 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Smoking Essay Did you like this example? If we look at the life cycle of a cigarette we will see that it contains no magical or enchanting elements in it which can make a person addicted for life. For many smokers, quitting to smoke is like an impossible task, and unfortunately, this may be by design. According to FDA’s exploring How a Cigarette is Engineered, researchers highlight some of the reasons why to quit smoking can be difficult. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cigarette Smoking: Causes And Effects" essay for you Create order Its not just because cigarettes contain the addictive chemical nicotine, but also because the design and content of cigarettes continue to make them addictive and attractive to consumers. According to the surgeon general’s report on the health consequences of smoking, companies are making cigarettes more addictive engineering the tobacco crops holding the amount of nicotine in two times more, so it is delivered to smokers by 14.5 percent more than it would be naturally made. Philip Morris Principal Scientist W. L. Dunn says, â€Å"No one has ever become a cigarette smoker by smoking cigarettes without nicotine.† Naturally nicotine is addictive, however manufactories make it extra addictive to make it harder for their consumers to quit. One of the examples who struggles from quitting the addictiveness is a former President Barack Obama, who calls himself a â€Å"former smoker† at his press conference. In the video â€Å"Obama’s Smoking Struggle† the president says, â€Å"I’ve said before that as a former smoker I constantly struggle with it† †¦ â€Å"Have I fallen off the wagon sometimes? Yes. Am I a daily smoker. A constant smoker? No.† He also adds, â€Å"I would say that I am 95 percent cured, but there are times where †¦ where I mess up† (Obama 0:48-1:00, 1:09-1:17). From this example we can see that quitting to smoke is a very hard task, however if human has great willpower and desire to crib smoking it’s possible and never too late. Researchers argue that for increased cigarettes selling factories make cigarettes not only extra addictive, but make cigarettes seen more appealing and attractive to people. Economically, cigarettes are highly advertised, extremely affordable and accessible to practically anyone. As for the advertisement aspect in the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spend billions of dollars per year to advertise their brands. This money is spent on the actual advertisement, and also on manipulating the subconscious minds of teenagers (Reynolds, 1999). Billboards and magazines lure teenagers to smoke, by using teen idols and appealing photos in their ads. Cigarette advertisements generally contain hidden messages. The goal is to create a misconception of smoking. These advertisements tend to glamorize smoking. At first when people see the ad, they are not aware of these hidden messages, but they have already been influenced by them unconsciously. The illusions of smoking have been presented to consumers as if they can make peoples lives easier in every different perspective. During the 1040s and 50s smoking was popular and socially acceptable. Movie stars, sports heroes, and celebrities appeared in cigarette advertisements that promoted and heavily influenced teens. Influence also came from Television and other media sources. Many advertisements contain hidden messages which people cannot be aware of simply by a glance. The hidden messages are very persuasive in terms of the audience they are trying to appeal to. Instead of presenting the audience with false statements about smoking, the ads tend to lead the audience to a different perspective. This is the main goal of advertisement, to persuade people into buying their product without exaggeration or false statements to make more money on increased rating of selling cigarettes. Despite the strong addiction and attractive advertisements of cigarettes people forget about actual harmfulness and causality of the cigarette smoking. People should know and think about how cigarette smoking is harmful to the health. Smoking is actually one of the major facilitators of health related disorders such as lung cancer, liver related problems among many more. This is because of the direct content of nicotine that is found in smoke thus causing extra pulmonary toxicity (Houtsmuller Stitzer 150). Equally, it paves way for more infections because the tiny hairs (cilia) in the respiratory track are destroyed by the smoke and chemicals found in tobacco thus the fundamental protective mechanism destroyed. According to National Vital Statistics Reports in the article â€Å"Deaths: Leading Causes for 2014† Melonie Heron and Robert N. Anderson argue that the second most leading cause of death in the US is cancer, and about 87 percent of all cancer-related deaths are caused by smoking cigarettes. Deaths and percentage of total deaths for the 10 leading causes of death in United States during 2014. Moreover, they state that malignant neoplasms or in the other words – cancer, caused 2 591,700 deaths in USA in 2014, or 22.5% of total death. The most significant aging factor especially on the face is smoking. It makes the facial skin to leather with deep wrinkles hence, a pure reflection of heavy and regular smoking habits. Equally, according to the American academy of dermatology it is true that smoking results to biochemical changes, which speeds up the aging process in humanity (Perkins Carolyn 459). Diseases caused by smoking include, lung cancer, COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema (Pokorski, 45). American Lung Association states that more than 1,300 people die because of cigarette smoking, and about 400 kids become daily smokers each day in the United States. About half of all cigarette smokers die of tobacco related diseases and also, all tobacco users lose an average of 14 years of their lifespan. Medical experts state that cigarette smoking by pregnant women ca uses birth defects such low birth weight, premature birth, fetal abnormalities and other birth conditions that may hinder the development of the child. If look at Wikipedia and other sources there’re a lot of example of people of died from lung cancer. According to Wikipedia Sean Morton Downey, a program director and announcer at radio station WPOP, and an American television talk show host, was born on December 9, 1932, and on March 12, 2001 dead from lung cancer caused by smoking. â€Å"In June 1996, Downey was diagnosed with lung cancer while being treated for pneumonia, and had one of his lungs removed†. When he finds out about his diagnose of being lung cancer, he comments: I had spawned a generation of kids to think it was cool to smoke a cigarette. Kids walked up to me until a matter of weeks ago, theyd have a cigarette in their hand and theyd say, Hey, Mort, or, Hey, Mouth, autograph my cigarette. And Id do it. (Wikipedia). In addition, British have concluded that smokers feel the taste of food is incomplete. They state that smoking suppresses taste buds and reduces appetite. Since the use of tobacco speeds up metabolism, it can cause weight gain. In general, most people know that smoking cigarette is harmful, and mo st of all causing lung cancer and death. Scientists from the British University Queen Mary in London have found that 60-70% from the beginning to smoke become heavy smokers. The findings of the experts were published in the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research. Participation in the research which was attended by over 200 thousand people were not all directly related to smoking, some respondents constantly or occasionally smoked. Calculations show that the probability of acquiring a nicotine addiction after the first cigarette is quite high. Analysts compare the results with the use of the most powerful drugs used by people cocaine and heroin. That is why, scientists believe, health workers of all countries should not be engaged in attracting attention from tobacco but pay attention to preventing primary use of nicotine. The researchers, among other things, found that heavy smokers were more likely to be followers of classic cigarettes than vapors. According to Hayek’s research, the reason for this is a different composition of tobacco products. Its components, not yet known to scientists, but it’s on the way of development. Some doctors believe that a consensus on the nature of nicotine addiction lies in psychology. Their opponents insist on the physiological roots of the problem. One of the examples that cigarettes contain such a dangerous and harmful to the human body chemicals is in the â€Å"experimental† video by Rebecca Rollyson. In her YouTube video which is called â€Å"Trying my 1st cigarette!!! Almost passed out†¦ Must watch†, Rollyson tries to smoke the first cigarette. However, it turns the way that at the end of the video she throws cigarettes away, because even after taking the first few inhales, she experiences the bad feelings and side effects on her health. She complains, Apparently my lungs didnt like it as well †¦ my chest is on fire †¦ I have heartburn† (8:01 -8:04, 13:58-14:01). Afterall, the experimenter encourages her viewers not even try to start smoking, who has not begun yet, because of effects in the human body that chemicals produce after even first few inhales. Looking at all of the facts that smoking effects smoker’s health there appears a good notion that warning can serve as important devices of communication to persuade and motivate changes in behavior if they are appropriately designed (Andrews, Netemeyer, Kees Burton, 2014). Health warnings on cigarette packages can affect the health beliefs and behavior of smokers. As such, counter marketing programs aim at understanding the pathways that may drive thoughts on how to quit smoking and design the most effective counter marketing programs to induce smoking cessation. Therefore, it is vital to extend perceptions into how graphic visual warnings affect young smokers. This will facilitate the development of a better understanding of how graphic visual warnings can address smoking today. Here appears question that if smokers have the significant harassments, what should people do and how should them quit smoking and then avoid health effects or even death? There is no one right way to quit. Successful cessation may include one or a combination of methods including using step-by-step manuals, attending self- help classes or counseling, or using a nicotine replacement. The factors that influence the progression of smoking, particularly among adolescents and young adults should be understood in a comprehensive manner in order to come up with ideal ways to help smokers quit the habit. This can be done through introducing bans on home smoking, appealing to smokers through graphic visual warnings on the negative effects of smoking on health, harnessing the contribution of psychiatrists in the treatment of tobacco addiction, or introducing of using a nicotine replacement during the cessation or quitting, and banning to sell cigarettes in general. To begin with quitting bans on smoking at home would greatly influence the progression of smoking among adolescents and young adults. A study conducted on the impact of home smoking bans identified development stages of smoking behavior into emerging adulthood and revealed the effect of home smoking ban on prevalence and transition of smoking among adolescents aged between 16-18 years (Mathur et al., 2014). The study also assessed the effects home bans across smoking status or parents. The outcome suggested that the effectiveness of home smoking bans and youth smoking was related to the smoking status of parents. It was noted that home bans on smoking had protective effects on the introduction ad rise of smoking behavior. A home ban on smoking during late adolescence reduced the proportion of young adults in the user proportion at a time despite the parental smoking status. Therefore, imposition of a home smoking ban reduced the prevalence and transitions of smoking behavior among i ndividuals. This shows the importance of intervening at the environmental level, which can yield positive outcomes (Mathur et al., 2014). Therefore, home smoking bans may be an ideal way to attain lifelong anti-tobacco attitudes and behavior among individuals and the entire generation. For stronger believe that smoking can be quitted, studies have concluded that home smoking rules reduce smoking at home (Mathur et al., 2014). However, it emerged that it is easier to restrict home smoking in homes with few or less addicted smokers than in households with many or heavily addicted smokers (Joseph et al., 2014). The average values of households with a complete ban on smoking were significantly less than the average values for households without smoking limits on their children. This however, can be affected by the attitude of smokers. People with pleasant and wise attitudes would be easy to comply with a smoking restriction than people with unpleasant and foolish attitudes. Smokers who try to quit should avoid places where people smoke, so it can prevent and even protect them from the desire to return to their habit â€Å"to the old road†. For the greater fear of starting smoking, manufactures should make large, â€Å"true† and â€Å"understandable† anti-smoking advertisements. According to news presented in Fox Business Network about 8.3 billion dollars is invested in marketing cigarettes to consumers. Although there has been considerable reduction in consumption of cigarettes and tobacco products in general since the 1980’s due to government’s vivid anti-smoking campaign and other advertisements advocating against smoking of cigarettes, the industry is still enormous in United States and gigantic in third world countries where not much attention is giving to public health. In an article published at â€Å"IndiaTimes† newspaper the reporter blames the modernized advertisements which shows smoking to be a â€Å"cool† social activity has led youngsters to be more inclined towards smoking. Once again, the blame goes towards the people who are making money out of cigarettes. Peopl e are ostracizing the use of cigarettes, the companies are using tactics and cunning manipulations to divert our brains from realizing the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. Since quitting can be quite difficult for a lot of smokers, doctors designed nicotine replacement therapies that help heavy smokers to reduce amount of smoking cigarettes and then less painful to kick their habit. According to survey, asking about what nicotine replacement stand for, medical experts answer: â€Å"Nicotine replacement therapies are medications that provide nicotine without the other harmful components of cigarette smoke.† To be most effective, nicotine replacement therapy should be used with a cessation program that addresses a persons psychological dependence on smoking. By chewing gum containing nicotine or wearing a transdermal patch from which the skin absorbs nicotine, a smokers withdrawal symptoms are significantly decreased or eliminated. For decreasing the health problems and death caused by cigarette smoking stores should increase price for cigarettes, banning to sell cigarettes to children and teenagers, and limitation all kinds of cigarettes in stores. Dr. Amy Lukowski, clinical director of Health Initiatives Programs for the National Jewish Health Center in Denver says, â€Å"That’s really the ultimate goal – to have the world free from the death and destruction it causes, †¦ How we do that? That’s the million-dollar question.†Cigarettes smoking have variety of implications both to the users and non-users. As noted earlier, cigarette smoking has serious health complications to the individuals inhaling the smoke. Cigarettes are not like alcohol or other drugs that only affect the user, there is no effective method to ensure that the smoke do not diffuse to the atmosphere, contrary, the smoke is freely released to the atmosphere and the people around the smoker inhale it involunta ry. In the process, the non-smokers will be like the cigarette smokers because of inhaling the smoke, continuous exposure to such smoke may lead to development of health complications. It is said that, the smoke released after smoking is more dangerous than the one inhaled by the smoker (Peruga, Armando, et al. 55). This means that, the non-smokers get to inhale the most and more poisonous. Some countries have gone ahead to ban smoking in public places in efforts to control the effects passed to non-smokers but the initiative is not enough to completely eliminate the negative effects caused by cigarette smoking. In some cases, the cigarette smokers may not abide by the regulations to only smoke at the allowed places and hence again endangering the non-smokers by public smoking. One of the anonymous people in the survey about should cigarettes be banned in stores or no, he responded saying, â€Å"We have known for a long time now that smoking is severely detrimental to health, it costs the country enormous amounts of money in medical expenses, it harms even those who are not smoking but are around smokers. We should be aiming to stamp smoking out of society altoget her now. [Smoking] do nothing positive at all for the body.† Thus, banning sale of cigarettes will go a long way in controlling the number of non-smokers affected by cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is a behavioral practice that is evidently common in most societies. Over the years, there have been various discussions on how best to control the negative impacts caused by cigarettes. At first, to quit smoking isn’t an easy task because companies make cigarettes extra addictive and make them seem more appealing. It’s important to quit smoking, because it causes big health issues and diseases. To kick the habit should be started at home, to prevent children from becoming smokers. Also, quitting should be directed in nicotine replacement therapy. Another equally important aspect for quitting is that made mandatory that all companies producing and selling cigarettes must have a disclaimer in their packaging about the harmful effects of smoking and then reducing the cigarettes at the stores. There is need to implement policies that will be highly effective in controlling the negative effects of cigarette smoking. Banning the sale of cigarettes will eme rge as the good method because, the cigarettes will not be readily available as there is in the current world. I believe that smokers should be more considerate towards nonsmokers. They should realize the health hazards they are putting upon them and smoke their cigarette outside where the smoke can dissipate. It is very difficult to quit smoking, so it’s better not to start smoking than to fight this bad habit with all your strength and getting better with your â€Å"health effected conditions†.

The Feathered Serpent God, Quetzalcoatlus

My First Online Semester At Sussex And Wow - 866 Words

Here I am already halfway through my first online semester here at Sussex and wow has it gone by really quickly. It was just seven weeks ago that we all started here and even though the first half of it is over, we all got a long road ahead of us until we reach the end of the semester. Some people can make the mistake of starting to wind down because of the fact that it’s almost over. We just got to stay focused and not take anything for granted. I definitely think that I’ve come quite a long way since I first wrote that first journal entry of â€Å"Telling the truth†. Thinking back on that journal entry, I remember how I talked about how I didn’t really have any good study habits nor did I have good time management skills. As these weeks have gone by and especially with the help of this foundations class, I can definitely notice a change in my school habits. When it comes to how my general study habits have changed, I’ve been finding way to get mys elf to sit down and get homework done a lot more often and it’s become easier as well to do so. A trick that I figured out is that the best thing that works for me is that instead of sitting at home with an endless amount of distractions, I pack up my things and I’ll go to a coffee shop somewhere and do homework there. I also try to change up the places I go in order to keep things from feeling dull. My time management skills are still struggling a little bit but I’m definitely noticing an improvement compared to the beginning of theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succe ed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Drug Abuse And Drug Addiction - 775 Words

Drug Abuse Treatment 6.15 6.23 6.49 6.73 7.21 7.55 7.66 7.85 7.89 8.83 Percentage of Total Funding 30.9% 30.2% 29.9% 30.8% 29.0% 30.7% 31.4% 32.0% 31.3% 35.0% Drug Abuse Prevention 2.04 1.96 1.93 1.84 1.95 1.56 1.48 1.34 1.28 1.28 Percentage of Total Funding 10.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 7.8% 6.3% 6.1% 5.5% 5.1% 5.1% Total Demand Reduction 8.19 8.19 8.43 8.57 9.16 9.11 9.14 9.19 9.16 10.10 Percentage of Total Funding 41.2% 39.7% 38.9% 39.2% 36.9% 37.0% 37.5% 37.5% 38.5% 40.1% Supply Reduction Domestic Law Enforcement 7.38 7.60 8.02 8.30 9.47 9.25 9.22 9.45 8.85 9.27 Percentage of Total Funding 37.1% 36.9% 37.0% 38.0% 38.1% 37.6% 37.8% 38.5% 35.1% 36.8% Interdiction (DEA) 2.43 2.92 3.05 2.97 3.70 3.66 3.98 4.04 3.94 4.05 Percentage of Total Funding 12.2% 14.2% 14.1% 13.6% 14.9% 14.9% 16.3% 16.5% 15.6% 16.1% International 1.87 1.90 2.19 2.00 2.53 2.60 2.03 1.83 1.85 1.79 Percentage of Total Funding 9.4% 9.2% 10.1% 9.2% 10.2% 10.6% 8.3% 7.5% 7.3% 7.1% Total Supply Reduction 11.69 12.42 13.26 13.27 15.70 15.51 15.23 15.32 14.64 15.12 Percentage of Total Funding 58.8% 60.3% 61.1% 60.8% 63.1% 63.0% 62.5% 62.5% 61.5% 59.9% Total Funding 19.88 20.62 21.68 21.83 24.86 24.62 24.37 24.50 23.80 25.21 Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), National Drug Control Budget: FY2015 Funding Highlights, March 2014,Show MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. 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This number isRead MorePaper Drug Abuse Drug Addiction1403 Words   |  6 PagesKeisha Ellis Drug Abuse Drug Addiction SOC 203 Social Problems Instructor Ely May 11, 2015 Numerous individuals do not comprehend why individuals get to be dependent on drugs or how drugs can change the mind to cultivate enthusiastic drug abuse. They erroneously view drug misuse and dependence as entirely a social issue and may describe the individuals who take drugs as ethically powerless (Alving, Matyas, Torres, Jalah, Beck, 2014). One extremely regular belief is that drugs abusersRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction1261 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction Individuals are well on the way to begin drug abuse including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and many more drugs which are illegal. It has been seen that most affected category falls under the effect of drug abuse is adolescence and young adulthood. The percentage of senior students during their high school, who will have tried alcohol is 70 percent in the ratio and 40 percent of them start smoking and nearly 20 percent of them start taking prescription drugs. (National InstituteRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Consequences Of Drug Addiction1593 Words   |  7 PagesDrug addiction has become prevalent in our societies today such as the use of heroin. Using Marc, Lewis (2011) text â€Å"Memoirs of an Addicted Brain: A Neuroscientist Examines his Former Life on Drugs† this paper focuses on drug abuse, heroin, and the consequences that the users face as they battle their addiction and related problems. In the text, chapter 8 provides a significant background and overview of Heroin as a drug, hence major section of this paper will rely on facts provided within this chapterRead MoreAddiction : Drug Abuse, Tolerance, And Addiction2246 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction is a worldwide disease that is not discriminatory against whom it affects. 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Mahsa Free Essays

But, it is not a problem at all from the view of human rights. The author claims that homosexual marriage is neither culturally nor physiologically possible and it is a dead-end street without the cooperation of a third party due to extinction of generation. He satirized that gay marriage is not programmed properly and there are hardware problems as well in cyber language. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahsa or any similar topic only for you Order Now He explores the question of whether homosexuality is an immutable characteristic because there is no evidence for the claim that homosexuality Is genetic, hormonal or biological from any school of medicine, medical Journal or professional organization. He comments that homosexuals are the richest, most educated and most traveled demographic group although they are few in number. He believes that homosexuality is a behavior-based life-style and presents the 1986 Supreme Court decision of Bowers vs.. Hardwire case for claim that gay marriage is state’s public school curriculum and homosexual marriage should be taught to their children as â€Å"abnormally’. To reinforce his views, he insists that churches may resist homosexual weddings and it may be used as a basis for denying them access to all kinds of government programs. And, Catholic churches were singled out by the city and denied aid for providing emergency shelter to the city homeless for resistance against homosexual â€Å"rights† ordinances. Sheldon asserts that â€Å"homosexual marriage† is an oxymoron, unnatural and against our country most basic standards. Finally, he reports that every reputable public opinion poll demonstrates that nearly 8 of every 10 Americans don’t accept the pretence of â€Å"homosexual marriage. † Although homosexual marriage is not generational, his claim is narrow view about marriage. The meaning of marriage is not limited on only preserving our species. Everyone has a right to pursue one’s happiness through living with a person whom one loved. Also, all mankind has the right to pursue one’s civil liberties. The only action that should be banned from doing is the action that causes harm on someone else, but homosexual marriage does not cause harm in many cases. We need to consider that we could not predicate homosexual to be behavior-based life-style Just because there is no recognition from any school of medicine, medical journal or professional organization that homosexuality is genetic, hormonal or biological. A questionable aspect of this article is that homosexuals are the richest, cost educated and most traveled demographic group. The author should provide evidence to support his views. Another questionable aspect of this article is that homosexuality is not a constitutionally protected right. Homosexuals are the citizens of the United States who phototypesetting’s a citizen. They’ve taxes, obey laws, vote and educate themselves, etc. So, their right should be guaranteed discriminated. According to the article 2 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration. This indicates that being homosexual should not effect on possessing the right of marriage and having family. His claim has no bases why homosexuality should be taught to children as the â€Å"abnormally’ and why churches stopped supporting for providing emergency shelter to city homeless. He looks like worrying that admitting same sex marriage will make homosexuality as kind of a trend and will be spread over people. And, it is questionable why churches used homeless people as sacrifices to against homosexuality. I could not find any relationship between homosexuals and homeless people. In a final shortcoming in the article, the author claims that ‘homosexual marriage’ is against our country most basic standard. He should explain in detail what standards are and how ‘homosexual marriage’ is against those. Despite these criticism, the author’s claim should not be criticized as a witch hunting. People against homosexuality and people supportive homosexuality Just have different opinions. In my view, more systematic and comprehensive research of this issue is needed including the countries which legalized same-sex marriage before any firm conclusion can be drawn. How to cite Mahsa, Papers

HIV Pandemic free essay sample

We are entering the third decade of what may be the most devastating epidemic in human history: HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS Pandemic is a large-scale epidemic affecting more than one country. AIDS was first clinically diagnosed in the early 1980s but retrospective diagnosis suggests it existed well before this date. AIDS is a syndrome, which develops from an impaired ability to fight diseases. It undermines the body’s defenses against viruses, infections and malignancies. Here, we describe the origins and evolution of these viruses, and the circumstances that led to the AIDS pandemic. Pandemic Assignment Since scientists identified the HIV as the cause of AIDS in 1983, it has spread insistently, causing one of the most harmful pandemics ever recorded in human history. However, concerted global efforts to fight the pandemic are making a significant difference. More than nine million people living with HIV in low and middle-income countries now have access to life-saving antiretroviral treatments. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV Pandemic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Overview Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades the body through the exchange of certain body fluids. The virus invades cells such as T helper cells and begins to replicate itself in the human body. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses, â€Å"HIV-1 and HIV-2; HIV-1 accounts for the majority of infections in the world, and has at least 10 genetic subtypes† (Lamptey, Wigley, Carr, Collymore, 2002). Both HIVs are the result of multiple cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) naturally infecting African primates. However, as according to Sharp Hahn (2011), one transmission event, involving SIVcpz from chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon, gave rise to HIV-1 group M—the principal cause of the AIDS pandemic† and noted that by â€Å"tracing the genetic changes that occurred as SIVs crossed from monkeys to apes and from apes to humans†. AIDS Pandemic and the Efforts to Stop HIV/AIDS According to Merson â€Å"on June 5, 1981, few suspected a pandemic of AIDS when the Centers for Disease Control reported five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in young homosexual men in Los Angeles† (2006). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) reported that all the men had other unusual infections as well, indicating that their immune systems were not working; two had already died by the time the report was published. In a timeline created by AIDS. com, â€Å"this edition of the MMWR marks the first official reporting of what will become known as the AIDS epidemic† (2014). Although â€Å"after pandemic HIV-1 first emerged in colonial west central Africa, it spread for some 50 to 70 years before it was recognized† (Sharp Hahn, 2011) because phylogenetic and statistical analyses have dated the last common ancestor of HIV-1 to around 1910 to 1930. For a while the American government completely ignored the emerging AIDS pandemic. The first attempt to treat HIV was in â€Å"September 1986, when early results from clinical trials involving AZT (zidovudine) – a drug that was first investigated as a cancer treatment – showed that it might slow the attack of HIV† (AVERT, 2013). Although AZT could slow progression to AIDS in HIV positive individuals with no symptoms, a year’s supply for each person would cost around seven-thousand dollars and many did not have adequate health insurance to cover the cost. In 1995, â€Å"FDA announced that the drug 3TC (lamivudine) had been approved for use in combination with AZT in treating AIDS and HIV† (AVERT, 2013) after a number of studies had shown that HIV could quickly become resistant to AZT and that the drug had no benefit for those in the early stages of the disease. On April 5th 1990 Ryan White, schoolboy who had become infected with HIV via a blood transfusion for his haemophilia, died. He was known for his fight to return to public school after he was banned due to fears of spreading of AIDS to other children. â€Å"Following Ryan’s death, the American government implemented a new programme named after him – the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act† (AVERT, 2013). Its aim was to improve the quality and availability of care for low-income, uninsured and underinsured individuals and families affected by HIV. In 2000, the government funded programs such as needle exchange services and abstinence-only education and in 2001 the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) set a goal to halve the number of people infected with HIV each year in the USA to 20,000 by the end of 2005 but by 2003 it was already clear that the CDC’s goal would be missed, the number of new infections had shown no sign of declining. In 2006, President Bush signed the reauthorisation of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, â€Å"since its creation in 1990 the program had provided federal funding for thousands of Americans living with HIV/AIDS unable to pay for their treatment themselves† (AVERT, 2013). In 2007, raltegravir – was approved by the FDA which according to AVERT â€Å"Raltegravir was the first of a new class called integrase inhibitors† and â€Å"the significant progress in treatment proved to be particularly important to thousands of HIV positive Americans whose treatment had been failing due to drug resistance (2013). It was believed to provide extended years of meaningful survival to patients. In July 2010, â€Å"the USAs first HIV/AIDS Strategy was released† (The White House Office of National AIDS Policy, 2010) and reducing new HIV infections was included as one of the Strategys three core aims. According to AVERT (2013), â€Å"in order to reduce new infections without an increase in funding, the Strategy recommended that HIV prevention efforts be intensified in the communities where HIV is the most heavily concentrated†. MedlinePlus concluded that â€Å"there is no cure or vaccine to prevent HIV/AIDS, but early detection through HIV testing and treatment can frequently turn this fatal disease into a manageable chronic disease† (2009). The HIV-1 pandemic is a complex mix of diverse epidemics within and between countries and regions of the world. â€Å"AIDS remains the fourth leading cause of death in low-income countries† (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 2014). While there will never be a solution to HIV and AIDS, a preventive vaccine would do a great deal to curb the pandemic. But unfortunately, the problem with developing a vaccine is that the HIV genome mutates very quickly. Stowell (2006) explains that all organisms vary a little throughout the centuries. The HIV genome mutates around 1000 times more quickly than the human genome around 1000 times more mutations accumulate in a single year, relative to the length of the genome. Antiretroviral treatment has transformed AIDS from an inevitably fatal condition to a chronic, manageable disease in some settings.  Johannesburg (2010) cited The Lancet medical journal, which published a study that predicts that by 2031 – about 50 years into the HIV epidemic – annual new HIV infections will be roughly halved to about 1. 2 million.

Introduction to Accounting- Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Let us assume a Company has Fixed Costs associated with its factory of $1 million the Factory can produce (and sell) half a million widgets a year, and the Costs associated with producing each widget is $1 and the price is $4.How many widgets are required to be produced for a $1 million Profit? Answer: Computation of Target Profit Particulars Amount ($) Fixed cost 1000000 Target Profit 1000000 Selling price per unit 4 Cost per unit 1 Units = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / (Selling price - Cost) 2000000 Units = ( $1000000 + $1000000) / ($4+$1) 3 Units = 6,66,667 The company is required to produce 6,66,667 units of Widgets to reach a target profit of $1 million. Reference List: Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C. M. (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer.

The Communist Manifesto Essays - Anti-capitalism, Marxist Theory

The Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Also words by Friedrich Engles and A JP Taylor Volumes and volumes could be written about communism, but in fact, the actual Communist Manifesto is a mere forty pages. Karl Marx, the principal former of communism as we know it now, later wrote many books fulfilling the outline or skeleton of communism, which is the Communist Manifesto. Communism cannot be summed up in one sentence, but it can be summed up in ten main ideas, sort of like the Ten Commandments of true communism. We know communism did not work, because of one main reason: it defies human nature and human rights. Although communism in different countries and years might differ, the following is an outline of what is done to have a communist government as described in length in the Communist Manifesto: 1. All private property has to be annihilated and turned into public property. This means that all property will go to the government (who knows how greedily they will use it) and distributed fairly within all the masses. Later on this part also included food, clothes and personal items to be distributed evenly in rations like the property was, but Marx did not say this in his manifesto. 2. A large progressive income tax. This made it so that everyone receives almost the same income; of course this does not include the aristocracy, which Marx was not thinking of...or was he? 3. This one is simple: abolition of right of inheritance. Basically the money goes to the government once again and they are suppose to use it to benefit the country. 4. Property of emigrants and rebels is taken away, and sent to the government who are meant to use it for the benefit of the country. 5. All of the people's money in the country is in one national bank and in the hands of the state. Who knows what might happen to the money in the bank? 6. Communication and transportation is in the hands of the state. This basically means no free speech; the government takes the right to censor any publications and thoughts, like ones against the government. Marx would not be able to write this manifesto without this right. It also means that the state will censor where you go and leaving the country, like in bad times. 7. Basically what Marx meant here, is that there is always improvement and progress agriculturally, and that agriculture and farming should be very important. This happens in a normal country, but I think Marx is trying to get people on his side (like our president does often instead of just improving the country, it is basically doing things to make certain people happy). Marx might also be just a little WACO. 8. All men have to work, and establishment of industrial armies. Even Marx himself noted that laziness might overtake the populous, but he then said that they would be able to undertake the laziness and become better people. Marx obviously does not understand human nature. 9. The destruction or abolition of the distinction between town and country by a combination of agriculture and manufacturing industries and, also by evenly distributing the population across the country. There is one problem here, for instance, the people living in Siberia might revolt on this matter because of the unfavorable location that they have to live in. The point of this is to help make fewer conflicts between townsmen and countrymen. 10. Free education in public schools and elimination of child labor. When learning in school, you also learn about industrial production. This means that while learning normal school stuff, you also learn an occupation. When all this is done in every civilized country and it is running smoothly (yeah right) "WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!" (Then, after all this is completed we have a perfect world or Utopia, just what Marx wanted, but life is about conflicts and problems) There are many flaws and problems considering human nature and human rights in Marx's Communist Manifesto. First of all, a Utopian society is impossible and it is just a dream by Thomas Moore. To think that one day we would reach Utopia is ridiculous, part of human life is conflicts, or what would life be, the Brady Bunch. First, people like to

The Crucible Witch Trials Essay Example For Students

The Crucible Witch Trials Essay In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the madness of the Salem witch trials is explored in great detail. There are many theories as to why the witch trials came about, the most popular of which is the girls suppressed childhoods. However, there were other factors as well, such as Abigail Williams affair with John Proctor, the secret grudges that neighbors held against each other, and the physical and economic differences between the citizens of Salem Village. From a historical viewpoint, it is known that young girls in colonial Massachusetts were given little or no freedom to act like children. They were expected to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes slightly downcast, and their mouths were to be shut unless otherwise asked to speak. It is not surprising that the girls would find this type of lifestyle very constricting. To rebel against it, they played pranks, such as dancing in the woods, listening to slaves magic stories and pretending that other villagers were bewitching them. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible Witch Trials specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Crucible starts after the girls in the village have been caught dancing in the woods. As one of them falls sick, rumors start to fly that there is witchcraft going onin the woods, and that the sick girl is bewitched. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened of being accused as witches, so Abigail starts accusing others of practicing witchcraft. The other girls all join in so that the blame will not be placed on them. In The Crucible, Abigail starts the accusations by saying, I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! Another girl, Betty, continues the cry with, I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil! ;From here on, the accusations grow and grow until the jails overflow with accused witches. It must have given them an incredible sense of powerwhen the whole town of Salem listened to their words and believed each and every accusation. After all, children were to be seen and not heard in Puritan society, and the newfound attention was probably overwhelming. In Act Three of The Crucible, the girls were called before the judges to defend themselves against the claims that they were only acting. To prove their innocence, Abigail led the other girls in a chilling scene. Abby acted as if Mary Warren sent her spirit up to the rafters and began to talk to the spirit. Oh Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; its Gods work I do. The other girls all stared at the rafters in horror and began to repeat everything they heard. Finally, the girls hysterics caused Mary Warren to accuse John Proctor of witchcraft. Once the scam started, it was too late to stop, and thesnowballing effect of wild accusations soon resulted in the hanging of many innocents. After the wave of accusations began, grudges began to surface in the community. Small slights were made out to be witchcraft, and bad business deals were blamed on witchery. Two characters in The Crucible, Giles Corey and Thomas Putnam, argue early on about a plot of land. Corey claims that he bought it from Goody Nurse but Putnam says he owns it, and Goody Nurse had no right to sell it. Later, when Putnams daughter accuses George Jacobs of witchery, Corey claims that Putnam only wants Jacobs land. Giles says, IfJacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property thats law! And there is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece. This man is killing his neighbors for their land! Others also had hidden motives for accusing their neighbors. Once the accusations began, everyone had a reason to accuse someone else which is why the hangings got so out of hand. The wave of accusations can be likened to mass hysteria, in which the people involved are so caught up that they start having delusions of neighbors out to do them harm. One of the main accusers, Abigail Williams, had an ulterior motive for accusing Elizabeth Proctor. In The Crucible, Abigail believed that if she got rid of Goody Proctor, then John Proctor, her husband, would turn toAbby. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail, but for him it was just lust, while Abigail believed it to be true love. She told John that he loves her, and once she destroys Elizabeth, they will be free to love one another. John is horrified at this, but can do nothing to convince Abigail that he is not in love with her. Because of Abigails twisted plot to secure John for herself, Elizabeth is arrested. It is the hidden motives behind the accusations that fan the flames of the Salem witch trials. To get the complete picture of the causes behind the witch trials, you must look at the physical reasons as well. Two historians,Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, drew a map of Salem Village and plotted the accusers, the defendants, and the accused witches. An interesting picture arose when a line was drawn dividing the town into east and west. It became clear that nearly all the accusers lived on the west side, and almost all the defenders and accused witches lived on the east side. .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef , .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .postImageUrl , .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef , .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:hover , .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:visited , .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:active { border:0!important; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:active , .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u833067294e39bfa70e1fd1f6e52f35ef:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BLOOD AND BELONGING Essay To determine the cause of the east-west split, the historians examined many disputes, chief among them being the choice of ministers. Once Salem Village was granted the right to have its own meeting house, quarrels arose over who would preach in the pulpit. There were four ministers between the time period of when the meeting house was built and the end of the witch trials. The arguments over ministers soon became a power struggle. There were two factions that arose during this dispute, and it was noted that one group supported two ministers while the other group supported the other two ministers. Each group wanted to prove its influence by choosing a minister and making him the spiritual guide to Salem Village. The two groups were found to coincide closely with the east-west division. When the economical divisions of the village were examined, it was found that in general the western citizens of Salem Village lived an agrarian lifestyle and were hard-pressed economically. The land on the western side was well-suited to farming and grazing. By contrast, the villagers on the east side were mainly merchants and lived fairlyopulently. The road to Salem Town traveled through the east side of Salem Village. Many innkeepers and tavern owners lived on this road and made a good profit off all the travelers. Tension often arose between the two groups because of their vastly different lifestyles. It is not difficult to see why a catastrophe such as the Salem witch trials occurred. Once one accusation was made, it was easy to release all the buried suspicions and hatred into a wave of madness. The Crucible simplifies the cause to make for a better story, but in reality the reasons for the witch craft accusations were much more complex. The reasons behind the accusations would result in many more quarrels over the years, but none as interesting or as horrifying as the Salem witch trials. In such a straight-laced Puritan society, there lived many people with hidden darkness in their hearts, and the Salem witch trials exposed and magnified the consequences of those black desires. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the madness of the Salem witch trials is explored in great detail. There are many theories as to why the witch trials came about, the most popular of which is the girls suppressed childhoods. However, there were other factors as well, such as Abigail Williams affair with John Proctor, the secret grudges that neighbors held against each other, and the physical and economic differences between the citizens of SalemVillage. From a historical viewpoint, it is known that young girls in colonial Massachusetts were given little or no freedom to act likechildren. They were expected to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes slightly downcast, and their mouths were to be shut unless otherwise asked to speak. It is not surprising that the girls would find this type of lifestyle very constricting. To rebel against it, they played pranks, such as dancing in the woods, listening to slaves magic stories and pretending that other villagers were bewitching them. The Crucible starts after the girls in the village have been caught dancing in the woods. As one of them falls sick, rumors start to fly that there is witchcraft going on in the woods, and that the sick girl is bewitched. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened of being accused as witches, so Abigail starts accusing others of practicing witchcraft. The other girls all join in so that the blame will not be placed on them. In The Crucible, Abigail starts the accusations by saying, I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with theDevil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! Another girl, Betty, continues the cry with, I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! Isaw Goody Howe with the Devil! From here on, the accusations grow and grow until the jails overflow with accused witches. It must have given them an incredible sense of power when the whole town of Salem listened to their words and believed each and every accusation. After all, children were to be seen and not heard in Puritan society, and the newfound attention was probably overwhelming. In Act Three of The Crucible, the girls were called before the judges to defendthemselves against the claims that they were only acting. To prove their innocence, Abigail led the other girls in a chilling scene.Abby acted as if Mary Warren sent her spirit up to the rafters and began to talk to the spirit. .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 , .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .postImageUrl , .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 , .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:hover , .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:visited , .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:active { border:0!important; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:active , .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7 .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec18aacd31498ddb8fd32e996edda0f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A tale of two cities 2 Essay Oh Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; its Gods work I do. The other girls all stared at the rafters in horror and began to repeat everything they heard. Finally, the girls hysterics caused Mary Warren to accuse John Proctor of witchcraft. Once the scam started, it was too late to stop, and the snowballing effect of wild accusations soon resulted in the hanging of many innocents. After the wave of accusations began, grudges began to surface in the community. Small slights were made out to be witchcraft, and bad business deals were blamed on witchery. Two characters in The Crucible, Giles Corey and Thomas Putnam, argue early on about a plot of land. Corey claims that he bought it from Goody Nurse but Putnam says he owns it, and Goody Nurse had no right to sell it. Later, when Putnams daughter accuses George Jacobs of witchery, Corey claims that Putnam only wants Jacobs land. Giles says, If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property thats law! And there is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece. This man is killing his neighbors for their land! Others also had hidden motives for accusing their neighbors. Once the accusations began, everyone had a reason to accuse someone else which is why the hangings got so out of hand. The wave of accusations can be likened to mass hysteria, in which the people involved are so caught up that they start having delusions of neighbors out to do them harm. One of the main accusers, Abigail Williams, had an ulterior motive for accusing Elizabeth Proctor. In The Crucible, Abigail believed that if she got rid of Goody Proctor,then John Proctor, her husband, would turn to Abby. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail, but for him it was just lust, while Abigail believed it to be true love. She told John that he loves her, and once she destroys Elizabeth, they will be free to love one another. John is horrified at this, but can do nothing to convince Abigail that he is not in love with her. Because of Abigails twisted plot to secure John for herself, Elizabeth is arrested. It is the hidden motives behind the accusations that fan the flames of the Salem witch trials. To get the complete picture of the causes behind the witch trials, you must look at the physical reasons as well. Two historians, Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, drew a map of Salem Village and plotted the accusers, the defendants, and the accused witches. An interesting picture arose when a line was drawn dividing the town into east andwest. It became clear that nearly all the accusers lived on the west side, and almost all the defenders and accused witches livedon the east side. To determine the cause of the east-west split, the historians examined many disputes, chief among them beingthe choice of ministers. Once Salem Village was granted the right to have its own meeting house, quarrels arose over who would preach in the pulpit. There were four ministers between the time period of when the meeting house was built and the end of the witch trials. The arguments over ministers soon became a power struggle. There were two factions that arose during this dispute, and it was noted that one group supported two ministers while the other group supported the other two ministers. Each group wanted to prove its influence by choosing a minister and making him the spiritual guide to Salem Village. The two groups were found to coincide closely with the east-west division. When the economical divisions of the village were examined, it was found that in general the western citizens of Salem Village lived an agrarian lifestyle and were hard-pressed economically. The land on the western side was well-suited to farming and grazing. By contrast, the villagers on the east side were mainlymerchants and lived fairly opulently. The road to Salem Town traveled through the east side of Salem Village. Many innkeepers and tavern owners lived on this road and made a good profit off all the travelers. Tension often arose between the two groups because of their vastly different lifestyles. It is not difficult to see why a catastrophe such as the Salem witch trials occurred. Once one accusation was made, it was easy to release all the buried suspicions and hatred into a wave of madness. The Crucible simplifies the cause to make for a better story, but in reality the reasons for the witch craft accusations were much more complex. The reasons behind the accusations would result in many more quarrels over the years, but none as interesting or as horrifying as the Salem witch trials. In such a straight-laced Puritan society, there lived many people with hidden darkness in their hearts, and the Salem witch trials exposed and magnified the consequences of those black desires.

D O M I C A Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

D O M I C A Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers D O M I C A Je to najvacsia jaskya Slovenskeho krasu. Jej zakladom je wettersteinsky vapenec abola vytvorena cinnosou Styxu aDomickeho potoka. Stala sa aj kratkodobou skrysou pre najstarsich neolitickych obyvateov, neskor jej povodny vchod vsak bol zava leny astala sa nedostupnou. Vroku 1926 J. Majko ako prvy prenikol cez jaskyu Stara Domica do Domice avroku 1932 bola tato jaskya spristupnena pre verejnos. Na mnohych miestach sa nasli staroveke nadoby, zbrane zkosti, hrebene ci prstene, tieto stopy minulosti potvrdili , ze nasi predkovia obyvali jaskyu Domica. Stala sa aj naleziskom kosti jaskynneho medvea. Teraz vtejto jaskyni zije az 16 druhov netopierov. Vroku 1995 bola spolu s alsimi jaskyami Slovenskeho krasu zapisana do Zoznamu svetoveho prirodneho dedicstva UNESCO. Ako jedina jaskya na Slovensku ponuka okrem obhliadky stalaktitov, stalagmitov, stalagnatov a kaskadovitych jazierok aj plavbu lokou po riecke Styx . J e prepojena nielen sjaskyou Stara Domica, ale aj sCertovou dierou atvori jednotny celok sjaskyou Baradla , do ktorej sa vchadza z uzemia Maarska . Juliane Gerbel , TA Zdroje: ssj.sk slovensky-kras.eu

Gary Graham

Gary Graham, James Beathard, Irineo Montoya, Joseph Stanley, Jerry Lee Hogue, David Spence, Odell Barnes.... These are just a few Texans who were executed even though they may have been innocent. In a previous copy of Rolling Stone, the article Bush explained how 135 Texans have been executed during Governor George W. Bushs reign. The author, Erika Casriel, tells that no American governor has put more people to death than G.W. Bush. Ms. Casriel says that out of these 135 executed men some may be guiltless. In this article, Bush comes off as a harsh governor that allows men to go to death row without first receiving a fair trial, all while serving his own political purposes. The fact that Texas does not have a statewide public defenders office with trained and salaried lawyers suggests that a poor person may have an enormous disadvantage during a trial. As stated by a Texas attorney: ...the state puts not a penny into providing representation for indigent defendants. According to the article, the Chicago Tribune did an investigation and found that forty-one of the 135 executed under Bush had an attorney who was later disbarred or suspended. Ms. Casriel explains that defendants are vulnerable to the state of Texas during trial as well as during the appeals process. The article says that after his 1995 election, Bush passed a bill that shortened death row appeals a great deal. Bushs endorsed this bill by saying: Murderers who are sentenced to death will no longer be able to endlessly delay justice. A case that was affected by Bushs new appeal law was one of Jerry Lee Hogue. New technology, such as DNA testing, did not exist in Mr. Hogues initial trial in 1979. An appeal was filed on behalf of Jerry Hogue after Bush took office, the appeal was declined on account that the state felt it was an abuse of the process as redefine...

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study

High School Science Curriculum Plan of Study High school science typically consists of two or three years of required credits along with additionally offered electives. Two of these credits usually require a laboratory component. Following is an overview of suggested required courses along with electives a student might find at a typical high school. Year One: Physical Science The physical science curriculum covers the natural sciences and nonliving systems. Students focus on learning overall concepts and theories to help them understand and explain aspects of nature. Across the country, different states have different opinions on what should be included in physical science. Some include astronomy and earth science while others focus on physics and chemistry. This sample physical science course is integrated and includes basic principles in: PhysicsChemistryEarth scienceAstronomy Year Two: Biology The biology curriculum involves the study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. The course provides students with laboratories designed to help them understand the nature of living organisms along with their similarities and differences. Topics covered include: Cellular biologyThe lifecycleGeneticsEvolutionClassificationOrganismsAnimalsPlantsEcosystemsAP biology The College Board suggests that students take AP biology one year after they complete biology and a year of chemistry because AP biology is the equivalent of a first-year college introductory course. Some students choose to double up on science and take this their third year or as an elective in their senior year. Year Three: Chemistry The chemistry curriculum covers matter, atomic theory, chemical reactions and interactions, and the laws that govern the study of chemistry. The course includes laboratories that are designed to reinforce these major concepts. Topics covered include: MatterAtomic structureThe periodic tableIonic and covalent bondingChemical reactionsKinetic theoryGas lawsSolutionsChemical kineticsAcids, bases and salts Year Four: Electives Typically, students take their science elective in their senior year. Following are a sampling of typical science electives offered in high schools. Physics or AP physics: Physics is the study of the interactions between matter and energy. Students who have doubled up in previous years and taken basic physics might choose to take AP physics their senior year. Chemistry II or AP chemistry: Students who have taken their first year of chemistry might continue with chemistry II or AP chemistry. This course continues and expands on the topics taught in chemistry I. Marine science: Marine science is the study of the marine environment including the ecology of the seas and the diversity of marine organisms and ecosystems. Astronomy: Many schools do not offer courses in astronomy. However, the study of astronomy is a welcome addition as a science elective. Astronomy includes the study of the planets, stars and sun as well as other astronomical structures. Anatomy and physiology: This subject involves the study of the structures and functions of the human body. Students learn about the skeletal, muscular, endocrine, nervous and other systems in the body. Environmental science: Environmental science is the study of the interaction between humans and the living and nonliving environment around them. Students learn about the effects of human interaction including deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction and issues surrounding the management of the Earths water resources.

The Development of Travel and Tourism On Mozambique Literature review

The Development of Travel and Tourism On Mozambique - Literature review Example In order to attain this end, the following objectives will be explored: This literature review critically evaluates and analyses elements and aspects of tourism development and how it can be applied to an African country – Mozambique. The study will critique various elements of the current situation of tourism which is steeped in mass tourism and provide an exegesis on the future development of tourism by integrating sustainable tourism and other approaches of tourism planning and development. Tourism is widely viewed as the movement of persons from their normal place of habitation to another place for a range of activities within a short period of time (Beaver, 2013). This include various activities like vacationing, leisure travel and business travel with the view of staying in a new environment and visiting places of interest (Varley, et al., 2013). Tourism provides some kind of leisure and relaxation to individuals in a given area. In the larger scope, tourism is a process through which local businesses in a tourist destination are likely to sell their products and services to persons from other countries (Wehrli, et al., 2013). This brings about some form of foreign exchange that can be used to develop a given nation or community. The differences in the way tourism benefits and revenues are distributed relates to the arrangements in the community or society. This difference is highly accentuated in relation to the tourism approach used in a community – whether there is a mass tourism system or an alternative tourism system. Sustainable tourism developed as a part of sustainable development which is a concept that examines the moderate and reasonable usage of the earth’s resources in order to ensure that future generations will also benefit from the earth’s resources (Miller & Twining-Ward, 2013; Pigram & Wahab, 2014; Pender & Sharpley, 2012).

Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition - Essay Example The Fifth Edition of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5) is a relatively new revised method, but has a unique history (figure 1). In 1905, Binet and Simon developed the first formal intelligence test, and Louis Terman created the Stanford-Binet Scale in 1916; this final scale was revised in 1937, 1960, 1986, and 2003. The first versions used items to address functional abilities, and were arranged by levels. The Fifth Edition is a standardized intelligence battery that can be administered to people from ages 2 to 85 years. According to Strauss (2006) the main purpose of the revision was â€Å"to expand the range of the test, to allow assessment of very low and very high levels of cognitive ability†, and to increase its clinical applications (see table 1).The SB5 is based on the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive functioning, which is considered â€Å"one of the well-validated, comprehensive models of cognitive functioning† (Fiorello and Primerano, 2 005). Johnson (2007) describes the Stanford-Binet as â€Å"a comprehensive, norm-referenced individually administered test of intelligence and cognitive abilities†. The test is consists of five factors, which include Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory; each factor is further divided in verbal and non-verbal subtests (table 2). The Abbreviated Battery IQ scale consists of two routing subtests: one nonverbal (Object Series/Matrices) and one verbal (Vocabulary) (Coolican, J. et al, 2008).... Johnson (2007) describes the Stanford-Binet as "a comprehensive, norm-referenced individually administered test of intelligence and cognitive abilities". The test is consists of five factors, which include Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory; each factor is further divided in verbal and non-verbal subtests (table 2). The Abbreviated Battery IQ scale consists of two routing subtests: one nonverbal (Object Series/Matrices) and one verbal (Vocabulary) (Coolican, J. et al, 2008). The fifth revision retains the routing subtest technique, and routing subsets and functional levels were redesigned. Johnson (2007) further states that a Working Memory factor was added "because it has been shown to be related to both reading and math achievement". Table 1. Main goals of the Fifth Revision. Restoring the original toys and manipulatives for assessing preschoolers that had been removed in recent versions Increasing clinical utility. Updating materials Increasing non verbal items Increasing the range of domains measured by the test Source: Strauss, E. et al. 2006. Table 2. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th ed. Factor Measures Fluid Reasoning The ability to solve nonverbal and verbal problems using reasoning skills Knowledge Fund of general information Quantitative Reasoning Ability to work with numbers and solve numerical problems Visual Spatial Processing Ability to see patterns, relationships, and spatial orientations Working Memory Ability to store, sort and transform information in short-term memory. Source: Coolican, J. et al, 2008. How well a test is standardized provides information

Should the USA continue its policy of encouraging less developed Essay

Should the USA continue its policy of encouraging less developed countries to adopt democracy and capitalism - Essay Example This is because democracy offers citizens greater political stability, enhanced quality of living, greater individual liberty as well as freedom from any governmental violence. By adopting capitalism, the citizens of less developed countries are able to benefit from the fact that capitalism tends to greatly promote competition and innovation. Capitalism can offer the citizens of less developed countries more choices as well as the very best opportunities that they can be able to use to improve their living standards. These factors are seen to the fostering of greater economic freedom. Another key benefit of promoting capitalism in the less developed countries is that not only does capitalism foster competition, it also benefits these countries as it spurs the companies within them to innovate and develop far better products that will cause for there to be more goods and services in the market a factor that helps in keeping the prices of commodities at low levels. Democratic political systems often tend to enjoy far greater prosperity over longer time periods as compared to other systems. As democracy spreads, more individuals in less developed countries are likely to start enjoying greater economic benefits. While authoritarian regimes are able to compile impressive short-run economic records, they are rarely able to sustain these rates of growth for long time

Innovation and competition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Innovation and competition - Essay Example For instance, the insurance industry is highly competitive thereby necessitating the need to have great marketing techniques among other skills in order to gain competitive advantage over the competitors. Focusing on two of the main insurance companies in the United States, Geico and State Farm Insurance, using VRIO analysis gives a clearer picture of how to gain competitive advantage in highly competitive sectors such as insurance. Several approaches can be used to attain an efficient marketing strategy. Some of the commonly used approaches include blue ocean strategy, porter’s five forces model, and advertising. The blue ocean strategy is deeply dependent on innovation and discovery of new consumer demands that are not yet explored. The blue ocean strategy focusses on improving the current market, for instance, by combining two or more closely related demands. In addition, it is highly dependent on the quality while still maintaining low costs of the products and services offered. The less valued products and services are replaced by the highly valued and demanded ones thereby raising the standards of the market and making it stronger. For example, the State Farm has many subsidiaries that offer great insurance services that range from fire, casualty, and mutual insurance among others. However, despite the increasingly many subsidiaries, State Farm has been able to fully satisfy it clients thereby creating unlimited loyalty. Additionally, Geico offers full time response service hence satisfying the customers fully. Moreover, Geico offers low rates to military personnel and government worker s which is arguably different from what some of the other insurance companies do. As a result, Geico has greatly grown over the recent surpassing some of the great insurance companies such as Allstate. According to a report by SNL, GEICO made $4.89 billion through direct premiums based on the third quarter of 2013 whereas Allstate

Does globalisation really benefit everybody, as many of its leading Essay

Does globalisation really benefit everybody, as many of its leading advocates claim Illustrate your answer with reference to TWO empirical cases - Essay Example This is term has existed since the mid 18th century, finding its way to the 21st century. That said one can see that globalization has benefit effects and disadvantages. The are not appealing to everyone as well as not benefiting all the people as the aspect is supposed to do. Therefore, globalization does not necessarily help everyone as many of its leading advocates claim. This is a fact that is evident as the paper has illustrated below. That said the key players in this sector of globalization should see to it that this aspect benefits all of the people no matter the class that they belong to. Only then will this aspect be embraced with everyone and all the changes that are brought by globalization will be accepted by all of the people, be it the rich, poor, young, old, sick, healthy just but to mention a few. Globalization being described as a process that involves international integration that arises from the interchange of a number of things, product, ideas, world views among other features that involve culture, this makes it something that involves many if not all of the world’s population. Therefore, this aspect of globalization should be considered and looked into with the seriousness that it deserves. People would want to see their lives change for the better, and if globalization is a way through which that is going to be possible, then everyone opts to see the benefits and not only a few individuals belonging to a particular class of people. This paper discusses the cons and pros of globalization, putting into consideration to this question; does globalization ‘benefit everybody, ’ as many of its leading advocates claim? This question will be answered and discussed in relation to the present global financial crisis as one of the empirical cases. During the past few years, steady proclamations have been made by the advocates of the economic

Education and Recess Essay Example for Free

Education and Recess Essay Since public schools have started recess it has been set in place to allow students time to express their energy, become active and socialize. Although within the past years, most schools have removed recess from their schedules. School administrators argue that recess wastes time, causes problems and is dangerous. But it is actually a good thing for students. In most schools, the average school day is about eight hours long. During the elementary school year especially, students are bursting with energy that causes their minds to wander. Recess is a great way to allow students to wind down and expel some of their pent-up energy. Also during this time it was usually the teacher who went outside with the class. So while the kids are taking a breather the teachers can too. A growing problem in America today is obesity. Many school cafeterias have switched to a healthier menu and schools have removed snack machines, in an attempt to improve students eating habits and weight. Meanwhile, the same school boards are removing recess from their schedules As a result, obesity rates have tripled in the past forty years. School administrators believe that recess is not needed because the students are required to take Physical Education. Although P.E. is physically active it does not give students many options. Students are graded on their performance and participation so P.E. is not much of a relax and recoup time. In school, it is important for students to develop necessary social skills. In class, students are unable to communicate because they are busy doing their work. Recess allows students to develop relationships, experience and deal with confrontations and learn about other people. These skills will be extremely important in almost every job. You may have noticed all of the big time business men or woman, and they got that job by being a good people person. That’s because when they were kids, recess was an every day thing. In conclusion, recess should be a thing student’s experience everyday. It should be something students think back on as adults and think of how it helped them. If schools go on with out recess for too much longer the obesity and people skills of the future could not be good. If I ever become  an important member of the school board you know what my vote for recess is going to be. What’s yours?

Q-syte Connector on Prevention of Thrombophlebitis

Q-syte Connector on Prevention of Thrombophlebitis CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION â€Å"To do what nobody else will do, a way that nobody else can do, inspite of all we go through; is to be a nurse.† Rawsi Williams.RN. The first principle to enunciate in a hospital is â€Å"do the sick no harm† (Florence Nightingale, 1859). Curing is a part of doctors and caring is in nurses’ domain. The intravenous (IV) cannulation is a very common procedure which is performed by nurses to save the lives of the patients. Though IV therapy saves the life if it is not handled well it will result in many complications. Carson.D. et al, stated in 2012 that the history of IV therapy was trailed during the Middle Ages. The first experiments using IV therapy were carried out in the 17th century using quills and animals bladder. In 1831-1832, Dr. Thomas Latta pioneered the use of the IV saline infusion for the cholera epidemic. It was then established as a routine medical practice during World War II. By the 1990s, it was estimated that 85% of hospitalized patients in the US received IV therapy.A nursing survey in 1990 found that 75% of a nurses hospital time was spent providing IV therapy related services. The most frequent complication of peripheral intravenous (PIV) infusion is phlebitis, which may occur at rates as high as 50%,or even 75% for patients with infectious diseases; however, the incidence rate of urgent catheter insertion is approximately 20%. Although the incidence of IV infusion-related infections is difficult to determine, studies have shown that between 5% and 25% of peripheral cathet ers are colonized by skin organisms at the time of removal.(Aston 1990). Ortega, et.al, (2008) observed that the ability to obtain PIV access is an essential skill for all nurses. Although this technique is considered as a simple invasive procedure, mastering the skill requires experience and is of substantial significance in life-saving intervention. According to Waitt ,C. and Waitt, P., approximately 80% of patients are receiving IV therapy during their hospitalisation. The IV therapy is commonly used to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance, for medication administration, for blood transfusion, etc. When comparing with other routes, the IV route is faster for fluid resuscitation and medication administration. In 2003, Macklin found that IV therapy has some common complications like phlebitis, infiltration, hematoma, extravasations, embolism, catheter related blood stream infections, etc. Drug induced thrombophlebitis is 25% to 70% comparatively higher in clinical setting for patients who are receiving IV therapy. Luer Access Split Septum (LASS) eliminates the internal complexities of mechanical valves, and with them the places that may harbour microorganisms. Studies found that patients are on average three times more likely to develop a Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection (CRBSI) with the use of mechanical valves vs. a split-septum needless access system. NEED FOR THE STUDY PIV cannulation is a very common invasive procedure performed by nurses throughout their duty schedule. The IV cannulation procedure is simple but it requires a lot of skills. If the cannulised site is disturbed or not maintained properly it may result in many other complications which increase the number of days in hospital as well as the cost of treatment. The intravenous catheter related infections (CRI) come under the quality indicators of a hospital. As nurses we should therefore follow our ethics and improve the quality of our nursing care by implementing evidence based innovative principles. In 2001, Reineck observed that maintenance of IV cannula patency is important to reduce the patient discomforts like visible scaring and CRI. Black et al., in 1997, found that blood clots may form in the IV line as a result of kinked IV tubing, very slow infusion rate, solution administration, etc. The CDC recommends according to 2011 guidelines, that when needleless systems are used, a split septum valve may be preferred over some mechanical valves due to an increased risk of infection with the latter ones. Recently, updated guidelines from the CDC provide a critical new evidence based intervention of Q-Syte which helps to overcome the challenges of CRBSI. When compared to the other connectors, the Q-Syte or the mechanical valve split–septum devices have 64% to 70% lower CRBSI rates. Salgado, D.C., et al , conducted a study to determine whether needleless mechanical valve device have any influence on catheter related blood stream infection among patients with a central venous catheter . He found that there was a marked decrease in the incidence of CRBSI . The investigator during her clinical experience observed that many patients who received intermittent IV drug therapy suffered from thrombophlebitis, being thus the primary cause of infection. Some studies as well as the CDC recommend to use of luer lock access along with the IV cannula. This motivated the researcher to study and to found more alternatives for preventing thrombophlebitis. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Effectiveness of Q-Syte Connector on Prevention of thrombophlebitis , IV Line Patency and Ease of Administration of Medication Among the Patients with Peripheral IV Cannula in KMCH, Coimbatore. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are to: assess the magnitude of occurrence of thrombophlebitis and IV line patency among patients with a Q-Syte connector; compare the occurrence of thrombophlebitis and IV line patency among patients with a Q-Syte connector and those who do not have a Q-Syte connector; compare the ease of administration of medication for patients connected with Q-Syte and those without Q-Syte connector; associate the occurrence of thrombophlebitis and peripheral line occlusion with demographic variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Q- SYTE: A Luer Access Split Septum device connector which can be connected to the peripheral IV line. PATENCY: An absence of blockage in PIV line as observed by the flow of fluid without resistance. THROMBOPHLEBITIS: An inflammation of blood vessel due to blood clot. HYPOTHESIS H1 There is a significant difference in the occurance of thrombophlebitis between the patients with Q-Syte and those who are without Q-Syte in preventing of thrombophlebitis. H2 There is a significant difference in maintaining the IV line patency between the patients with Q-Syte and patients without Q-Syte. H3- There is a significant difference in easing the administration of medication between the patients with Q-Syte and patients without Q-Syte . ASSUMPTION Occlusion of a PIV line may result in the development of thrombophlebitis. Q-Syte prevents the occlusion of PIV line by preventing air entry and backflow. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework of this study was based on the modified Kolcaba comfort model. This theory was developed by Katharine Kolcaba in1990 and modified again by her in 2010. HEALTH CARE NEEDS Health care needs are those identified by the patient or its family in a particular practice setting. In the present study, the health care needs were the prevention from thrombophlebitis and the maintenance of IV line patency among the patients receiving IV drugs. HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR When patients and families are accustomed to the actions of the health care personnel (i.e. nurses), they can involve better in the health seeking behaviour which can be internal or external. In the present study, health seeking behaviours were internal when about the prevention of thrombophlebitis and external behaviour when about the functional outcome. INTERVENING VARIABLES Intervening variables are those which are not likely to change and over which the providers have a very little control such as prognosis, financial situations, the extent of social support, etc. In the present study, the intervening variables were prognosis and the extent of the social support system around the patient. COMFORT INTERVENTION Comfort is an immediate desirable outcome of nursing care. Nurses traditionally provide comfort to patients and their families through interventions that can be called comfort measures. The intentional comforting nursing actions strengthen the patients and their family. In the present study, the comfort measure was the setting of Q-Syte connector along with the IV cannula in the experimental group and not in the control group. ENHANCED COMFORT Enhanced comfort is an immediate desirable outcome of nursing care. In the present study, the enhanced comfort was the relief from thrombophlebitis by maintaining the IV patency. INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRITY Institutional integrity is defined as the values, the financial stability and the wholeness of health care organisations at local, regional, state and national levels. In the present study, the institutional integrity was the financial stability and the wholeness of the health care organisation. 7. BEST PRACTICE Best practices are the protocols and the procedures developed by an institution after collecting evidence on specific applications on the patient. In the present study, the best practice was the setting of Q-Syte connectors along with IV cannula for patients receiving such injections. 1

Miami Film Noir :: Film Cinema Movies

MIAMI NOIR We have much to learn from Mike Davis, CITY OF QUARTZ (Vintage, 1992) who discusses the paradoxical effects that the representations of Los Angeles in hardboiled novels and their translation into film noir cinema had on the image and myth of that city. Together they radically reworked the metaphorical figure of the city, using the crisis of the middle class (rarely the workers or the poor) to expose how the dream had become nightmare. . . . It is hard to exaggerate the damage which noir's dystopianization of Los Angeles, together with the exiles' [European intellectuals living and working in L.A.] denunciation of its counterfeit urbanity, inflicted upon the accumulated ideological capital of the region's boosters. Noir, often in illicit alliance with San Francisco or New York elitism, made Los Angeles the city that American intellectuals love to hate (although, paradoxically, this seems only to increase its fascination for postwar European intellectuals). As Richard Lehan has emphasized, "probably no city in the Western world has a more negative image". . . . It is hard to avoid the conclusion that the paramount axis of cultural conflict in Los Angeles has always been about the construction/interpretation of the city myth, which en ters the material landscape as a design for speculation and domination (Davis, 20-21). Miami, most notably in the works of Elmore Leonard and Charles Willeford, and in the Television series MIAMI VICE, has received some of the same treatment, belatedly, or in a post- or neo- noir modality of the genre. . As Davis noted, "noir was like a transformational grammar turning each charming ingredient of the boosters' arcadia into a sinister equivalent" (38). We need to sort out those aspects of this noir/booster conflict that are generic and those that are specific to Miami. Boosterism is a fundamental feature of Miami's existence. The same paradoxes of attraction are an important part of Florida tourism. However, noir carries with it a state of mind, an atmosphere and mood, that are specific to the genre and may or may not have anything to do with the spirit of place specific to our zone. In any case, we should keep in mind that a book about the mythical America of crime writers includes some discussion of the Miami River setting. The Interviewer, John Williams, spoke with James Hall, author of the hard-boiled SQUALL LINE, as they rode in Hall's boat on the bay near the river's mouth.

Corporate Bankruptcy Essay -- Business Management

Corporate Bankruptcy Building a successful business is very difficult and when doing so some may encounter financial hardship. The law has established a process that can help rescue businesses. This is called bankruptcy. What is bankruptcy to a company? How does bankruptcy rescue businesses? The reader will understand the meaning of bankruptcy to a corporation, be familiarized with types of proceedings, and identify with businesses that have been rescued by bankruptcy proceedings. Bankruptcy is a federal system of statutes and courts which permits persons and businesses which are unable to pay debtors or in some cases face potential insolvency, to place their financial responsibilities under the control of the bankruptcy court (www.law.com). The way this works is that when the business's debts exceed its assets or is unable to pay, the business can file a petition with the bankruptcy court. This called filing for voluntary bankruptcy. If a business does not file for bankruptcy the unpaid creditors can file an "involuntary" petition to force the business into bankruptcy (www.law.com). It is better and most common for businesses for file voluntary bankruptcy (www.law.com). There are three types of petitions: Chapter 7, Chapter 11 and Chapter 13 (www.law.com). The most popular is for business to petition is under Chapter 7 (www.law.com). In Chapter 7, businesses are appointed a trustee by the court (www.law.com). The trustee is like a financial wizard. The trustee counts up the businesses assets with the plans of keeping them from the bankruptcy, pays debts the business owes with paying taxes first (www.law.com). The trustee then focuses on paying secured debts such as mortgages and lastly unsecured debts (www.law.com). Then the court officially declares the business bankrupt and discharges the unpayable debts, this is a lost for the creditors (www.law.com). Filing a bankruptcy petition will suspend all existing legal actions like foreclosure and other imposition of judgment. Businesses cannot file for bankruptcy again for seven years (www.law.com). Chapter 11 bankruptcy allows a business to reorganize and refinance to prevent dislocation of the organization (www.law.com). Most of the time there is no trustee appointed, but the business is given time to present a plan of reorganization (www.law.com). This does not always work well for busines... ...mart.com). This is new recovery and Kmart has a long way to go according to ABC news. In conclusion, bankruptcy is a way for businesses to rescue themselves when in financial hardship. Not every company will make it. Some may be lost, but the law provides every business the opportunity to fight for it's survival. 3M, NationsRent, and Kmart have all made it through and they are looking for a promising future. Work Cited 3M Company web page. Http://www.3m.com Company News; Citing Weak Demand, 3M Says it is Cutting 125 Jobs, New York Times, 2003.Section C. P.4. Http://www.newyorktimes.com Law Dictionary, http://www.law.com Lorrie Grant. Kmart should exit Chapter 11 quietly, expert say. USA Today. April 2004 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (3M)" International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 26. St. James Press, 1999. Reproduced in Business and Company Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale Group. 2006. Http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BCRC NationsRent Company web page. Http://www.nationsrent.com Troy Bryant. NationsRent, Hoover.com, http://www.hovers.com/nationsrent/--ID_57275--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml. retreived July 12, 2006