Critical thinking Essay

1. What is the purpose of education? To transmit culture? To provide social and economic skills? To develop critical thinking skills? To reform society? I think that the purpose of education is to get the children ready for real life, and provide them the learning skills, and abilities that they will need. 2. What are schools for? To teach skills and subjects? To encourage personal self-definition? To develop human intelligence? To create patriotic, economically productive citizens? Schools’ purposes are major in every culture all around the world. In my eyes, schools are to educate the general public, young or old for survival in the next chapter in their life, a degree. They are taught the basic skills and subjects to maneuver on to college, or to start life. After the basics, they are taught more in depth skills and subjects. Schools aren’t good just for that. In schools children also gain life long friends, experiences and learn the social skills they need in life. 3. What should the curriculum contain? Basic skills and subjects? Experiences and projects? Inquiry processes? Critical dialogues? The curriculum should contain all basic skills and subjects, math, reading, language, writing, science, and geography. Then on a second level, to test the knowledge, and for student’s to learn from other students, projects should come in. As for experiences, I think that students that can relate, should share their experiences. It helps other students gain incite on another way something can happen; also it helps them understand more. 4. What should the relationship be between teachers and students? Transmitting heritage? Teaching learning skills and subjects? Examining great ideas? Encouraging self-expression? Constructing knowledge? Solving problems? The relationship between teachers and students should be more then just an authority figure. It should be on a friend level. But not too much. Just enough for comfort. I think teaching learning skills and subjects are priorities, as well as examining ideas. Self-expression should be encouraged. 5. When you have completed the above questions, review Chapter 4 and determine the type(s) of philosophy that your personal statements reflect. Include why you chose each philosophy. Dewey’s pioneer- Schooling that emphasizes problem solving and activities in a context of community. Making an doing ;history and geography; science ;problems. Montessori’s pioneer – Wide range of practical skills for life in urban centers, along with arts and sciences, and problem solving. Spontaneous learning; activities; practical, sensory, and formal skills; exercises for practical life.

Gender

What Is gender oscillation? (4 marks) 1. 2 using examples, explain how gender oscillation takes place wealth families? (6 marks) 1. 3 Identify and explain two possible problems that are a result of gender solicitation In the family. (4 marks) 1. 4 what strategies can be employed to redress problems relating to gender solicitation? (6 marks) Task 2- 4 typed pages, font 12, double spacing follow: I am the Girl Child by Antitank Cabala When I was born in Imbue, you tied twigs on my cot saying I would be a fetcher of firewood.When I was born in Inner, you said four ululations for me and five for my brother When I was born in Ethiopia, you said to give birth to a girl child was to bear a problem' When I was born in Zambia, you said ‘a girl is a peanut seed, she enlarges the clan' When I was born in Somalia, you told me that women are children with big feet When I was born in Nigeria, you told me that women were responsible for making the sky go higher and higher so that we cannot fe ed on it When I was born in Cameroon, you told me Women are half men' Finally, when I was born in BurningFast, you said When a woman praises you for climbing, she is praising you for your falling' My country, look at me! My continent, my father, my mother, my brother, my sisters too. 2. 1 Identify and explain the gender Issues In the poem (5 marks) 2. 2 What are the direct and indirect causes of African societies' negative perception of women as evidenced in the poem? (5 marks) 2. 3 How do such perceptions Influence the treatment of women and men In African societies? (5 marks) 2. 4 Give suggestions on what can be done to deconstruct such perceptions? (5 marks)

Who Am I

Australia, whose name is Bianca. I am currently 1 6 years of age. I have very strong opinions on many things and I like to debate people on what I believe is right. Sometimes that gets me into a lot of trouble but I stick to what I believe in the end. What defines me is my sense of knowing do belong. I am who I am, I am unique and different and I now that, that is okay, because everyone is unique and different too.I see myself as a bubbly person, who tends to keep her deeper thought and feelings to herself. Sometimes I'm insecure, sometimes I let little things hurt me, sometimes worry about petty little issues that won't matter in the next 10 years but that is just who I am now. Many life experiences have defined the person who I am today, and for that I am grateful.Although not all of hose experiences have been good, they have all been a learning experience for me and have helped shape the person I have become today. I wouldn't change anything I have experienced because I would be a different person. I wouldn't be as strong, as open to new things, wouldn't be as spontaneous, and I just wouldn't be me. Everything little thing every little stepping stone, every little bump has made me the person I am today and I am so proud of that. Who Am I Elegy/Repetition Who Am I Jennifer Leaf Who am I Don't know what to think Living every day Like It's the first 5 How could it get any worse About life They told me to Just Hold on tight 10 Lost and out of control Don't know who or where to turn Will they Just watch me burn 15 to afraid to fall Or am I afraid to loose it all Deniable, completely insane Will I ever find my way Will ever be the same Falling Down the drain Will I ever be someone 26 Or will I Just go out and run Day in And day out Don't know where to go 30 Every day Every night Trying to see the light All I know isWho I could be 35 It's all like a dream to 20 I want to scream and shout Don't know why I'm yelling out Who am 1 40 And I want to scream and shout There is no doubt about it Because I don't Know anymore 45 Too afraid to find life Through the darkness That I fight 50 Will I ever see the light Don't know where to turn to Don't know where to go I did, but now 55 I Just don't know to afraid to back down Vive been fi ghting all my life But now it's time to say goodbye but I will try to find my own light I will try to shine 60 â€Å"Who Am l† is an intensified poem about the question we all ask ourselves everyday our whole lives.Everyone does one of two things, accept the fact that they simply do not know or, pretend that they do. Life is full of questions that we cannot completely answer, Just ponder our entire lives. Within this poem, the phrase, who am l, is constantly repeated. This poem is an elegy, mourning the lost life and the answer to the question asked throughout the poem. The phrase reoccurring in the poem emphasizes the question everyone asks themselves and the question most think they know the answer to. No one can entirely know who they are and what the future might bring.As a result of really not knowing, they pretend they do. â€Å"Don't know who I am/ I did, but now/ I Just don't know (49-51). Or, if they do not pretend they know who they are, they try to be someone else because there life is not written in stone. For some, they might go absolutely insane trying to find the truth behind the unanswerable question. Who am I There is no doubt about it (35-38). The repetition gives the poem an intense look on life and shows signs of confusion, frustration, and anger. The passion in increased in every stanza due to the fact that he speaker keeps on repeating those three words.This allows the reader to imagine that the person in trapped in her own mind, that is about to explode, with no way out. With this repetition, the reader can see the pain in the speaker's words and how made her give up on everything else and is slowly eating her inside and killing her. She has one last attempt at trying to save herself by saying she can shine no matter what, but those three words enforce a tragic ending to her dark story. The elegy aspect of this poem is the loss of herself. The speaker Just gave up on life ND on herself and pities herself because she does not know who she is.The speaker does not realize that no one does and she will never know. Who am I Vive been fighting all my life But now it's time to say goodbye (57-60). The speaker has given up on life because she cannot face the world as an outcast anymore. She need something to be proud of, something to believe in, something to fight for. She does not have the will to keep going like a shadow lurking through the night. Due to the fact that the three words, who am I is slowly annihilating her, the elegy is mainly found in the repetition.She cannot escape from this tragic death and by the last two lines, you know she can no longer fight it and her death is mourned. Her pride and dignity are lost every time those three words are said and that is additionally mourned. Here lies the pride, dignity, and life of the speaker of the poem, she will be missed. I wrote this poem because self-influence and the influence of others is one of the most powerful things. The words in the poem show how b y wasting your life trying to answer and unanswerable question, you are leading ourselves into a trap that you cannot escape.These words can consume anyone and you can lead yourself to your own fatal end. By convincing yourself you have nothing to live for, you are blinding yourself from the truth behind the ever-so convincing lie. This poem is meant to have people believe in themselves and their capabilities and instead of trying to answer who you are as a person, embrace the mystery and be the best person you can be. â€Å"Who Am l† tells the world to fight for what you believe in, because there is always something to believe in. Who Am I â€Å"Who Am I† My name is and I will be telling you a little bit about my Background, interests, goals, and achievements. I am currently a junior at with my family of six which consists of my dad, mom, two younger brothers, and dog. I was born in a little town called Brownwood, Texas and moved to Illinois when I was 6 years old. Some of my interest vary for example I am an avid watcher of old television shows such as the Walton’s and threes company.Another one of my interests is listening to music my favorite type of genre of music is country and rock some of my favorite artist include Jason Aldean, Blake Shelton, The Eagles, Led Zeppelin, and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Some of my goals that I hope to accomplish in the near future are attending the college of my choice, becoming a successful person in life and becoming a lawyer. Growing up as a child and until now, (My young adulthood) it has been mine and my parents dream for me to become a lawyer.I have decided to become a lawy er because I have always been fascinated with law, helping others with their problems, and the justice system. I have achieved many goals in my life my top achievements are graduating middle school, getting my driver’s license, and doing better in school. But I feel that getting my driver’s license is my greatest accomplishment of all because after getting my driver’s license I felt that I was in the stage of growing up and entering adulthood. I feel that my Background, goals, achievements, and interests all represent who I am and what I stand for. Who Am I â€Å"Who Am I† My name is and I will be telling you a little bit about my Background, interests, goals, and achievements. I am currently a junior at with my family of six which consists of my dad, mom, two younger brothers, and dog. I was born in a little town called Brownwood, Texas and moved to Illinois when I was 6 years old. Some of my interest vary for example I am an avid watcher of old television shows such as the Walton’s and threes company.Another one of my interests is listening to music my favorite type of genre of music is country and rock some of my favorite artist include Jason Aldean, Blake Shelton, The Eagles, Led Zeppelin, and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Some of my goals that I hope to accomplish in the near future are attending the college of my choice, becoming a successful person in life and becoming a lawyer. Growing up as a child and until now, (My young adulthood) it has been mine and my parents dream for me to become a lawyer.I have decided to become a lawy er because I have always been fascinated with law, helping others with their problems, and the justice system. I have achieved many goals in my life my top achievements are graduating middle school, getting my driver’s license, and doing better in school. But I feel that getting my driver’s license is my greatest accomplishment of all because after getting my driver’s license I felt that I was in the stage of growing up and entering adulthood. I feel that my Background, goals, achievements, and interests all represent who I am and what I stand for.

History of Alwar Essay

The state of Alwar is located in the northeast part of Rajasthan. It is considered the oldest kingdom in Rajasthan. The history of Alwar is steeped into mythology and folklore. In ancient India it was a part of the Matsya Kingdom, which the Kauravas embarked on the cattle-rustling mission, which resulted in the famous war of Kurukshetra with the Pandavas. The history of Alwar dates back to 1500 BC when it was formed a part of the Matsya territory of Viratnagar. The region of Viratnagar also included Karauli, Bharatpur and Dholpur. Hence the very foundations of the district are rooted in the Hindu epic, Mahabharata. With a history that is 3500 years old the district of Alwar still stands tall as a popular tourist destination in Rajasthan. The name Matsya Desh simply means the `land of the fish`. It is in this place that the Pandavas spent the 13th year of exile. The local people of this land helped the Pandavas in their battle against Kauravas. During the medieval era Alwar rose to prominence. Because of its strategic location the state was a source of interest to the Mughals, Marathas, the Jats of Bharatpur, Nikumbha and Kachhawaha Rajputs and the British. All of these groups have ruled Alwar. As a result the cultural influences of Alwar are quite varied. The first to occupy the throne of Alwar was the Nikumbhas. They had also built a fort. The ruins of this fort are still visible within the district. As far as the Mughals are concerned they made Alwar their base and from here they had fought many crucial battles against Ranthambore. After the Mughals it was the turn of the Jats to rule this district. Finally Alwar received political stability in the hands of Thakur Pratap Singh belonging to the Kachhawaha Rajputs from Jaipur. Even with an average economic condition this ruling class was able to gift the district with splendid palaces and led a life in utmost luxury. However, such squandering nature resulted in the downfall of the Kachhawaha Rajputs. This disgruntled the masses. However, it cannot be denied that it was Pratap Singh who rescued Alwar from a political instability. He became an ally of the British and he was awarded the title of Maharaja by the British. In the year 1771 Alwar became the youngest Rajput Kingdom. After Maharaja Pratap Singh Bakhtawar Singh succeeded to the throne of Alwar. As historical evidence his chhatri is to be found in the city of Alwar. Raja Banai Singh is another commendable name in the history of Rajasthan. He ruled Alwar from 1815 to 1857 AD. He was a great lover of art and contributed significantly in the beautification of Alwar. However the greatest name in its history has to be Maharaja Jai Singh. the succeeded to the throne in the year 1902 AD. He ruled for 30 years and is well known for his sophisticated lifestyle†¦.He was deposed by the British.

By the Waters of Babylon Essay

â€Å"Truth is a hard deer to hunt. If you eat too much truth at once, you may die of the truth. It was not idly that our fathers forbade the Dead Places.† The truth is a very important thing for an individual. It can be very useful or very destructive depending on how it is used. The significance of the quote made by John’s father could be broken down in to three different sections according to each statement. First of these statements is â€Å"Truth is a had deer to hunt.† the second of these statements is â€Å"If you eat too much truth at once, you may die of the truth.† and the final statement is â€Å"It was not idly that our fathers forbade the Dead Places.† â€Å"Truth is a hard deer to hunt.† The literal meaning of the statement could be interpreted as; the truth is hard to find. Then the question arises, is it hard to find physically or is it hard to grasp mentally? A good example of the physical part of finding the truth was when John went on his journey to the Dead Places. A good example of grasping the truth mentally was when he saw the dead god in the chair, but upon farther examination he realized he was a man rather than a god. The correct interpretation is the second one; the truth is hard to grasp. For example you could tell a person the truth, but until they have been provided evidence or mental reassurance they might not want to believe the truth making it hard to grasp or in the words of John’s father â€Å"a hard deer to hunt.† This leads to the next statement â€Å"If you eat too much truth at once, you may die of the truth.† The meaning of this statement is that the truth can be very dangerous. It is also related to the first statement in the sense that once a person grasps and understands the truth, the next stage is how they are going to react to it. If it’s a good thing they might react positively, but if it’s a bad thing then it’s vice versa. In the case of the John and his people the truth is neither bad nor good rather it is different in the sense that it could be what they want it to be. They could both â€Å"eat the truth† and use it to better themselves and their way of life or they could â€Å"die of the truth† and use it to cause chaos and destruction as the gods had done. The more likely of the two to occur is the second one.  The reason for that is the fact that the truth is against the beliefs of the hill people and when something is against the beliefs or customs of someone they don’t tend to believe it. In this case the hill people would have a hard time believing that the gods they believe in were actually people and will get confused between reality and religion. Also if the hill people learn of the advanced technology that the gods had then they might or might not use it in a productive way and cause destruc tion upon themselves like the god had. This leads to the last sentence â€Å"It was not idly that our fathers forbade the Dead Places.† This means that their fathers had a reason when they decided to forbid the people from going to the Dead Places. The reason that they had was to protect their people from the unknown and the truth to ensure their well being and safety. The fathers of the hill people did not want the same ending for their people as it had been for the gods or people before them. They knew that if the hill people got the technology or weapons that the gods or people before them had then there would be a great possibility of chaos and destruction. In order for them to protect their people the fathers created rules and customs, but they also left their people in the dark. Finally, I personally do not agree with this implication because I do not believe in keeping the truth from anyone. I also think that leaders should not keep a truth as big as this one from their people, even though their intentions are to protect society. Keeping thetruth from the people is looking at only one perspective. How did the fathers know that the truth would destroy the people? Knowledge is something a person must share for the betterment of society. Instead of shutting off the past, the fathers should have opened it up to there people and teach their people to learn from the mistakes of the past. John, a priest and a son of a priest went against his predecessors and learned about the previous civilization and it’s mistakes. This made him understand how to create a civilization that would last. It also makes him a better leader. In the end John thinks, â€Å"But they were men who built the city, not gods or demons. They were men. I remember the dead man’s face. They were men who were here before us. We must build again.† This is proof that the implication is wrong and that it creates restrictions  upon John’ people. By John thinking like this he will enable his people to move forward, remove the restrictions in their lives, and create a thirst of knowledge that will make his people better rather than worse.

Compare the U.S. Criminal Justice System to United Kingdom's (Britain) Research Paper

Compare the U.S. Criminal Justice System to United Kingdom's (Britain) Criminal Justice System - Research Paper Example The UK and the United States have extremely similar criminal justice systems, as well as extremely similar elements for a crime. This is because the American system is based upon the UK system, as both systems are based upon the common law. The criminal system is similar, in that, in both jurisdictions, there must be mens rea to be held guilty for a crime, in both jurisdictions a criminal may be exonerated for a crime, or at least held to a lesser standard, if there was sufficient provocation, and, in both systems, there is a thin or eggshell skull rule, although, in the United States, this rule is usually used exclusively for torts. These are some basic similarities to the elements for crimes in both jurisdictions. Beyond this, there are similarities in the systems themselves. Both systems treat mentally disordered offenders similarly, although England appears to have more options for this type of offender. In both systems, the victims ostensibly have rights, although these rights d o not seem to be enforced as much in England as they are in the United States. In both systems, there is some form of restorative justice or reparative justice, which means that the victim gets some type of compensation for his or her distress. American criminal law and English criminal law are very similar, because American law has, as its basis, English common law. Therefore, the elements for committing a crime would be similar in both countries. For instance, in both countries, there must be the proper mens rea that would have to be established for the crime.

The relationship between employee rewards and poor motivation in a Essay

The relationship between employee rewards and poor motivation in a Restaurant in the UK - Essay Example Interestingly, the same trend in turnover is also being observed in the United States (US) and in Germany (US Department of Labour, 2010; Endter, 2011). A number of factors were examined in various researches which tackled the issue of employee turnover. Blomme, Tromp, and Van Rheede (2008) suggested that performance rewards may be positive predictors of turnover; whereas, Robinson and Barron (2007) argued that low job satisfaction, not extrinsic rewards, are strongly associated with turnover. Theoretically, however, Jones, et al. (2003) maintained that recognition and appreciation, as well as a system of rewards, are necessary to boost employee motivation. In this regard, Walker and Miller (2010) consider incentive pay, bonuses and even non-monetary rewards to be effective modes of developing motivation, provided that the motivators used are congruent with employees’ needs and desires or that the motivators may be associated to their reasons for working. A look at the motivat or-hygiene or two-factor theory enunciated by Frederick Herzberg in the late 1950s posited that motivating factors are intrinsic elements of a job which lead to the satisfaction of an employee, while hygiene factors are the extrinsic elements of the work setting which cause dissatisfaction of an employee. ... Accordingly, Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory considered rewards system (i.e., salary and benefits as job dissatisfier; whereas Jones, et al. (2003) and Walker and Miller (2010) among others, believe otherwise. Moreover, Landy and Conte (2010) underscored the significance of examining the â€Å"level of success with various motivators to know how to increase or maintain work motivation for any individual† (p. 367). It is in the context of Landy and Conte’s assertion that this study is being proposed to investigate the relationship between employee rewards and motivation in a UK restaurant. Informal interviews with several employees in two branches of a restaurant in Bournemouth, UK revealed a prevailing attitude of discontent in their workplace among the staff. The interviewees confided that they are grossly dissatisfied with their pay, but they admitted they can not speak for the others. The series of casual conversations with a few restaurant staff provided the motivation for this proposed study. The research will verify the proponent’s position that there is a significant relationship between employee rewards and motivation among the employees in the two branches of the restaurant from the perspective that there is a positive link between satisfaction with the rewards system and the work motivation of the staff. If this relationship is confirmed, Herzberg’s theory that the rewards system is a hygiene factor and not a motivating factor will be disproved. Consequently, support can be gained for Walker and Miller’s (2010) confident assertion that â€Å"rewards are useful motivators† (p. 196). Staff satisfaction with the performance appraisal system, performance management system and the rewards

Major Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Major Project - Essay Example It is getting the whole nation to ask a number of important questions of their own capacity to recover and be resilient in the midst of a crisis resembling economic chaos and growing militancy in the labor front. For its part, the state of Wisconsin through their Republican Governor is turning to thousands of their Democrat leaning state employees for initial answers. Where does patriotism lie in the midst of lavish benefits and indulgence with the impending financial ruin getting to be the main backdrop of the controversy? Keywords: GOP - Grand Old Party, Republican, Democrats PUBLIC EMPLOYEES UNIONS ACROSS AMERICA 3 Public Employees Unions Across America Face Massive Curtailment On Grounds of Averting an Impending Financial Crisis What sets off a statewide protest more conspicuously heard and felt in Wisconsin is the planned amendment to overhaul a system which initially included giving the state a new mandate of declaring bankruptcy and soften financial woes through an eventual re negotiating of wages and so-called lavish benefits of state employees. ... With a historically binding political patronage that tilts heavily on the side of the Democrats since President John F. Kennedy signed the executive order granting public employees the ability to a collective bargaining in 1962, such peripheral political and industrial advantages now face its biggest threat of curtailment on grounds of regaining sound fiscal management and economic parity raised by the Republicans in Wisconsin. The GOP takes the upper hand as the dominant party in Wisconsin while the Democrats and the main protagonists, the affected public employees and the unions, brace themselves for an extended political and judicial confrontation. The showdown PUBLIC EMPLOYEES UNIONS ACROSS AMERICA 4 begins in Wisconsin, home of the first ever unions of public employees in America. This is where collective bargaining for state workers was originally conceived with its long standing political alliance with the Democrats. But when the Republicans took control of the senate, the ass embly and more significantly the office of the Governor, the result was a heightening political confrontation endemic to a two-party political system and an increasingly massive workers’ dissent that is slowly engulfing the whole of America where majority of the states have established politically active, benefits and welfare-oriented unions for public employees. Wisconsin has set the precedence, then and now. Of the total fifty two states comprising the United States, thirty of them have collective bargaining statutes covering state and local employees. Since the 1950’s, government employees’ unions have grown into a major influence-peddling

In search of excellence- Advanced Organizational Behaviour Essay

In search of excellence- Advanced Organizational Behaviour - Essay Example The book came up as a result of a research activity that they had undertaken on various companies with a different aim in mind. As consultants at McKinsey, they were tasked with the role of collecting information concerned with organization – structure and people (Peters & Waterman, 2006). So with no particular theory in mind, Peters visited several companies and interviewed them as relates to organizational structure. He was later on asked to present the results of his study to several organizations whose need for a simple summary of information led to his development of eight themes that enabled success in an organization (Peters & Waterman, 2006). Peters discovered that there was much more that was required to ensure the success of an organization rather than the policy statements and the strategies that they implemented to increase market share. At the time when he was carrying out the research, most companies had their policies written down well on paper with a well-developed organizational structure that defined the roles and responsibilities of each member (Peters & Waterman, 2006), a scenario that was sure to define their success. However, not every organization actually implemented these plans creating a situation of ineffective management. In order to collect information, they approached top executives who were well known for their skills and experience in organizational design. Business schools within the United States and Europe were also visited to elicit their views on the aspect. Peters also sought to look into the theories of management that were in place at the time to guide organizations. An interesting aspect of leadership emerged with a leaders role being confined to management of the social forces within an organization. Good managers were meant to shape the organization and guide it in the establishment of a good value system. The book has criticized some methods of management as the

Intellectual Property - Trade Marks - UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Intellectual Property - Trade Marks - UK - Essay Example The four main types of IP are: patents for inventions - new and improved products and processes that are capable of industrial application; trade marks for brand identity - of goods and services allowing distinctions to be made between different traders; designs for product appearance - of the whole or a part of a product resulting from the features of, in particular, the lines, contours, colors, shape, texture or materials of the product itself or its ornamentation and, copyright for material - literary and artistic material, music, films, sound recordings and broadcasts, including software and multimedia .In this paper we concentrate on trade marks IPs which are associated with the trade of goods and services and ,in particular, to those that arise in the international trade of goods and services. The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) TRIPS, was signed on January 1, 1995.The agreement provides for floor standards for the protection of defined intellectual property types and the enforcement of associated intellectual property rights.TRIPS,in turn ,was the outcome of the synthesis of deliberations of two earlier international conventions: (1) the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) and (2) the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention). Paris Convention Article 1(3) defined industrial property to include "all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain, tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour." Paris Convention Article 1(2) further provided that the protection afforded to industrial property included "indications of source or appellations of origin." Thus the adoption of the TRIPS Agreement hera lded an important development for the global recognition of geographical indications. However, significant controversies continued to hover on discussions of this issue, as and when they took place, either at the WTO and other platforms of international trade. For instance, there were and are substantial differences of opinions about the manners in which registration of geographical indications under article 23.4 would finally be implemented and recognized. Take, for instance, the case of quite a few developed and developing countries who desire to extend special protection which was available only to wines and spirits to other products. In short such countries are pressing hard for special protection list to be expanded substantially. On issues of public health discussions on geographical indications resulted in a clear North-South divide. However, on issues of industrial products and food products the reaction has been divergent on very many important issues. Both developed and de veloping countries alike- maintain quite differing positions on such matters. This clearly shows that all such countries view differently the economic impacts of the system of geographical i

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research - Essay Example rchers, strict regulation and imposition of hefty fines is necessary in order to prevent drivers from driving under the influence of marijuana and reduce frequent road accidents henceforth. The paper seeks to justify whether marijuana causes driving impairments and road accidents among the users. There is evidence that marijuana seeds were inhaled at ritual braziers in Romania at ancient burial sites. There was similar evidence at northwestern Xinjiang, China where marijuana seeds and leaf-fragments were found close to an old 2800 year’s mummified shaman. Cannabis was mainly consumed by the Chinese for spiritual purposes. The drug was used to assist in relaxation during their ritual meditations. The drug was commonly used in India by the Hindus and Nepal long ago as a herb. The psychoactive property of the drug was found by the Assyrians through the Aryans. Cannabis was used for spiritual ceremonies during the qunubu which is probably the origin of cannabis word. Marijuana can be smoked through its dry leaves, seeds, flowers or stems. In modern times, marijuana can be consumed through edibles like cookies, brownies or lollipops. It can also be inhaled through vaporizer or even brewed as tea. It affects the body organs, immune and nervous system when consumed (Gupta Para 7). THC being the major component of marijuana causes slow coordination between body organs which contributes to the cause of accidents among the drivers. THC causes acute mental and physical effects on the driver. Marijuana has been reported to cause physical effects like reduction of reaction-time and motor coordination during driving. It also leads to mental effects like judgment impairments and increases in risky behaviors. It also noted that the marijuana users can face confusions, hearing and space perceptions no matter how confident they may feel, which can contribute to false judgments (Nesbit Para 6). By confirmation through a study on how accidents and deaths arise, the researchers

Discussion Board 2-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion Board 2-1 - Assignment Example There are particular advantages and disadvantages of insisting on presence of the entire family in the initial consultation. According to Nichols (2013), one of the advantages of insisting on presence of the entire family in the initial consultation relates to the fact that such meetings can provide a counselor with preliminary information and facts concerning the nature of the family relationship. Counselors can use the preliminary information gathered to understand the depth of the problem and perhaps develop hypothesis as to the likely cause(s) of the problem experienced. This is usually possible when all members find an opportunity to talk and share their views about the nature of family relationship. With such a hypothesis, a therapist is able to estimate period within which to accomplish therapy. Insisting on presence of entire family in initial consultation, can also enable a therapist learn emotions of individual members and strategize proper techniques to reinforce proper behaviors during actual therapy to ensure effective treatment process. The main disadvantage of insisting on presence of all members of a family in the initial consultation relates fact that such meetings are likely to cause anxiety (Nichols, 2013). When a family is in disagreement and conflict, sitting the members together is likely to result to escalation of emotions and quarrels especially when individual members are defensive and only values their own views. Such occurrences are likely to lead to anxiety and even withdrawal of member(s) who feel

Coca Cola's branding strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Coca Cola's branding strategy - Essay Example For example, when the company decided to change the taste of its prime product Coke in the 1980's the result was vigorously unfavorable and the company authorities had to dump the plan. The term 'branding strategy' deals with the variables that formulate and execute the probable public perception about the brand or brands of a company. The future success of the company depends on this branding strategy. When a company like Coca Cola is taken into consideration it could be safely stated that their impetus on branding strategy has remained successful throughout the century with ground breaking success notes. While selecting the branding strategy by the officials it is always kept in mind that the direct marketing is at its optimum level and the supply chain and distribution system is always at its most advantageous position. In addition, there is always the potential to innovate new sister brands corresponding the local taste and priorities. For example, Coca Cola can boast on having over 500 flavors in its booty. Furthermore, there was bottled water branded under the equity that really took the market by storm in 2000. There are about four core brands operating under the over head of Coca Cola.

The Role of Scholarly Elites in Chinese History and Culture (Tang Essay

The Role of Scholarly Elites in Chinese History and Culture (Tang dynasty to the High Qing) - Essay Example They did this through their roles as active politicians in different dynasties, social reformers, philosophers and poets among other roles. The scholarly elites would compel people to practice certain things or to uphold new values for the society’s wellness. Some would also criticize the way some rulers were leading the Chinese dynasties and in most cases they would end up being the ambassadors of revolutionary changes in the political scene in ancient China. There are very many scholarly elites who lived in ancient China and their contributions to the history of China are still evident. This paper will focus on Lao Tzu, one of the most influential scholarly elite in the ancient China, who piloted the Chinese people to uphold the values of Taoism. Lao Tzu means old master in Chinese. Lao Tzu was a religious philosopher in ancient China who lived among other popular philosophers like Confucius. One of his most popular writing is the Tao-Te-Ching. The writing contained principles on the way to live in harmony in a community. Lao Tzu was born in the 7th century in Louyang in China. His real name was Li Erh. He worked for the King of Zhou as the custodian in the archives. He had several other names given to him by various people and religious leaders for his extensive wisdom. His wisdom can be attributed to his extensive study of the writings in the archives. He had access to a vast number of scholarly writings. Lao Tzu was a mentor to many other philosophers who would frequently visit him to get his point of view on contentious issues. He would always give them his counsel and most of them took it. When he reached 80 years of age, Lao Tzu decided to leave the kings place and he set out for the desert, citing that the experiences he had with the people was depressing since they had refused to follow the path of goodness. On his journey to the desert, a guard stopped him and asked him to record his wisdom. He wrote a book on all his wisdom and it

Personal Safety in Kensington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Safety in Kensington - Essay Example As such fear of being a victim of a less serious crime has significantly contributed to behaviour change in residents of Kingston. 2,2 The Crime and Disorder Act of 1988 and The Police Reform Act of 2002 vested power and responsibility within the police force to work hand in hand with other agencies in a bid to develop a three year strategy that was meant to promote safety in the communities (Home Office, 2004). The need to monitor levels of public concern was also increased after the introduction of the Licensing Act 2003, Anti Social Behaviour Act 2004 and Government Strategy for reduction of Harm 2004. An emphasis on the need to strengthen the monitoring challenges arising for new anti social behaviour is found in A New Partnership 2008 -2011 (Home Office, 2008) in conjunction with the studies that were suggested by Kingston police as well as community members. 2.3 The Police and Justice Act 2006 resulted in the amendment of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 prioritises the aspect o f partnerships where a Strategy Group with a certain level of membership is responsible for undertaking strategic assessments on a yearly basis. The issues of concern which are identified through this strategic assessment are put forward in a three year Strategic Plan. The Partnership Plan is comprised of the following aspects: crime and disorder reduction strategy, dealing with unwanted elements of misuse are some of the elements earmarked to be covered by the Partnership Plan over the period of three years. Thus, according to the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames Partnership plan 2008/11, there are six areas which are given prominence and these include the following: misuse of alcohol, misuse of drugs, unbecoming behaviour, violence against others, domestic violence, crime related to hate as well as crime committed by youths. 2.4 The use of CCTV across the United Kingdom has been adopted as a strategy to fight crime since these are used to monitor the events obtaining on the g round. Thus, in May 1998, Kensington introduced a centralised CCTV from a controlled center and this system has been extended to the other communities in the neighbourhood and the cameras are used to cover the shopping centers as well as railway stations (Lazell, 2009). 2.5 Since 1998 when the first Kingston Thames Crime audit was unveiled, this objective was attained through constant surveillance of the town center as well as district offices. The study links with surveillance programmes and it looks at the changes in the perceptions of the people about their concerns for safety in Kingston in 2012 February. Target population and survey design 3.1 A study about personal safety in Kensington was conducted on 17 February 2012 and 24 February 2012 by the Kingston University’s Students from the School of Social sciences (Herrick, 2012). Just like in previous years, quota samples were drawn on the basis of people who are more vulnerable to attacks such as the elderly, cyclists, p re-schoolchildren, disabled people, minority groups as well as the ordinary members of the public. The questionnaires were used to measure levels of concern of safety by individuals compared to recorded cases of victimisation. The victims of crime were also asked to

Marketing Plan for an Online MBA Program Case Study

Marketing Plan for an Online MBA Program - Case Study Example For instance, a student will not be able to have a class-room or a face to face experience with his/her faculties and could also miss out on those regular industrial trips. Apart from discussing the marketing plan, the other main focus of this report is to provide the advantages of an online-MBA program over an on-site program. To begin, an overview of the Kaplan University are discussed followed by the description of the target markets, competitors, product and services, location, pricing strategy and finally the report concludes with the implementation plan of an online MBA program and a summary. An online-MBA program is ideal for professionals who wish to soar in their careers but cannot afford to pursue a full time course. According to the Manya Group, one can acquire an MBA degree through the mode of distance learning where the interaction with the faculty is almost virtual, with the aid of communication technologies like the internet, email and video conferencing. Kaplan University is one of the many universities which provide online educational programs for those who wish to pursue their masters' degree but do not have sufficient time to attend traditional courses. Kaplan University was founded in 1937 and was formally known as Kaplan College (Kaplan College Reviews). Kaplan University offers top class business education and training for their students and offers more than 300 online Bachelor degree, certificate and diploma programs. According to their official website, Kaplan University focuses on adding a human touch to the high technology of learning online.The next few pages would describe the Marketing Plan for Kaplan University's online MBA program.A marketing plan is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives (Marketing Plan - Wikipedia, online source). Description of the Target Market Markets can be segmented using a lot of approaches which would include Demographic, socio-economic and psychographic approaches (Adrian Palmer, 2004). According to Adrian Palmer (2004), age is probably one of the most widely used bases for market segmentation. The Target Market for the online MBA course at Kaplan University would be for working professionals, students and even housewives who wish to pursue higher education between the age group of 22 to 60. According to U.S News and World Report, about 50% of current graduate students are over age 30 and nearly 25% are over 40 (Michael Hergert). Fig 1 shows the marketing Ps and centralization of the target market Ways of targeting people for enrollment: With the advent of the internet, e-mail has become an efficient and the cheapest way of targeting a lot of people towards your company but one must be careful of spamming as this could also lead to junk mails (Adrian Palmer, 2004). E-mails can be sent out to these targeted groups informing about the online MBA courses available to them by offering concessions on fees and added advantages of an online educational experience. Other methods could also be done by using radio broadcasts

HACCP(Hazard analysis and critical control points) Essay - 1

HACCP(Hazard analysis and critical control points) - Essay Example The HACCP system is applicable at all stages of food processing and preparation procedures such as packaging and distribution. Application of HACCP is a voluntary aspect in the food industries. HACCP is deemed to have originated from the monitoring of production processes which were used during the Second World War. It became fully operational in 1960s in the United States of America when the Space Administration requested Pillsbury to produce foods specifically for the space flights. Thus, from that period up to date, HACCP is recognized globally as one of the logical frameworks that have adapted the traditional methods of inspection to a contemporary science-based safety system. Therefore, as per its risk evaluation, HACCP give room for both the government and food industries to appropriately allocate available resources in order to establish and maintain safety in food practices. Moreover, HACCP is not only applied in food industries, but in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. Thus, it is a method which seeks to eradicate unsafe practices in industries by using quality control procedures which always control or rather prevent occurrence of hazards in production processes as they identify these faults at every final stage of a given production process. However, its major focus is on the safety and healthy aspects and not the product’s quality. Therefore, the principles of HACCP form the basis of most quality and safety of food products assurance. HACCP identifies the probable safety hazards and determines the relevant preventive measures alongside a perfect plan that can be implemented in controlling of these hazards. Thus, this principles views a safety hazard related to food as any physical, chemical or biological feature that might make food to be unhealthy or unsafe for consumption. A CCP is deemed to be a point, procedure or step in any food production process at which total control of

Difference between the mission and vision statement.strategic Essay

Difference between the mission and vision statement.strategic management - Essay Example The main difference between the mission and vision statement is that the mission statement provides a guidelines of what the company seeks to achieve in the present as an organization while the vision statement illustrates the goals of the firm for the future. A company I once work for had the most deceptive and fraudulent mission statement I had ever seen. The company claimed that one of its values was taking care of the employees in order to improve their quality of life and of their families. The reason that the company lied in this statement was because this company was very abusive towards its employees. The firm would steal hours from the workers payroll by paying them fewer hours than they worked, they would pay the workers two to three weeks late every pay cycle, and the firm did not honor a bonus system that offered to the employees when they started to work for the firm. The actions of the managers, administrative team, and owners of the company were opposite of what the mi ssion statement claimed. DQ2 I went to the corporate website of the global coffeehouse company Starbucks Cafe. The company has a corporate responsibility program in place that affected various aspects of their operations. One of the most intriguing aspects of the firm’s CSR plan was the sourcing of materials initiatives. The company in order to help our poor communities across the world only purchases fair trade coffee. Fair trade coffee is a system that guarantees poor farmers across the world a minimum price for coffee of $1.26 per pound which is twice the going rate for wholesale coffee across the world. Another aspect of the firm social responsibility commitment which I liked was their emphasis on hiring a diverse workforce. The firm also had good initiatives in place to protect the environment such as a recycling program. One aspect of their social responsibility initiatives that I did not like was the fact that the company does not have a mechanism in place to collect m oney for philanthropy causes. Considering the high profit margins the company enjoys the firm could easily donate 1% of their revenues or more to help fight hunger in places such as Africa, India, and South America. DQ3 The four major components of the strategic management process are environmental scanning, strategy formation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. Environmental scanning is important because it allows the manager the opportunity to collect sufficient information in order to determine the relation between the company, the market, and its potential alternative solutions. I believe that the second step (strategy formation) is the most important step or component in the strategic management process. If a manager chooses the wrong strategy the subsequent steps won’t matter because the failure of the strategic initiative is inevitable. Take for example a company that decides after two years in business that the best strategic formation is too expand the company. The firm invests all the money it has on expanding without proper environmental scanning and without analyzing the financial consequences of the decision. Due to the bad plan the company realizes that now they are producing more goods than what the market seeks. Suddenly a firm that was doing well goes into financial troubles due to a bad strategic formation. 4. I agree with you that the mission statements of companies have a more detail description than the vision statement of a company. Based on the research that I made on the subject the reason that this occurs is because of the timeline perspective. The mission statement attempts to provide the people who read it an overview of the business as it is in the short term. People want to know what the company is all about and is seeking to do and realize. The visions statement is different because the vision statement provides an overview of what the company is seeking to achieve in the future. 5. I agree with a lot of the points you mentioned in your response. I believe that a people’

Cassius’ Logical Persuasion Essay Example for Free

Cassius’ Logical Persuasion Essay From Julius Caesar, Act 1 Scene 2, Cassius attempts to persuade Brutus on joining the conspiracy against Caesar through logos. To convince Brutus to join the conspiracy, Cassius starts telling Brutus that â€Å"I was born free as Caesar. So were you. We both have fed as well, and we can both endure the winter’s cold as well as he† (I. ii. 100). When Cassius states Caesar as someone like them, Cassius is using logic to explain to Brutus that they are all equal to Caesar, not inferior. Cassius believes that Brutus and he deserve just as much power as Caesar, so he does not want Brutus to be supporting Caesar, but going against him. Even though Cassius says he is equal to Caesar, he then tells Brutus a story about how he saves Caesar from almost drowning and also recalls a story of Caesar in Spain saying â€Å"’Alas,† it cried, ’give me some drink, Titinius,’ as a sick girl† (I. ii. 139). The connotation of â€Å"girl† is a female child, not manly and powerful. So by telling the stories, Brutus now acknowledges that Caesar is weak because he is able to drown and get sick and Brutus will no longer look upon someone who cries â€Å"as a sick girl†. Brutus is persuaded by Cassius’ story that Caesar is not all that power and that they should not be serve Caesar as if he is a god. On the other hand, Cassius contradicts himself multiple ways by saying Caesar is â€Å"like a Colossus and we petty men walk under his huge legs and peep about to find ourselves dishonorable graves. Men at some time are masters of their fates. † (I. ii. 137). Cassius portrays Caesar as a power person who will become a tyrant and that he is more superior to everyone else. Because Cassius and Brutus does not like tyrants or dictators, Cassius indirectly tells him to not support Caesar, and instead, tries hinting to Brutus that it is time for him to take control of Rome. The logos Cassius uses persuades Brutus to not let someone who is equal to him, such as Julius Caesar, to rule Rome.

Architecture Rome Essay Example for Free

Architecture Rome Essay Arch of Constantine Rome, Lazio, Italy This arch is religiously significant because it commemorates the battle that led the Emperor Constantine to convert to Christianity, thereby changing the religious landscape of the western world. The Arch of Constantine was erected to commemorate Constantines victory over Maxentius at the  Battle of Milvian Bridge  in 312 AD. According to contemporary historians, the night before the battle Constantine had a vision. He saw the symbol of  chi-rho  (the first letters of Christ in Greek) or the cross in some accounts in the sky with the words,  By this sign, conquer. Facing an army larger than his own, Constantine was happy to try anything. He had his soldiers carry the Christian symbol into battle, and he was victorious. So Constantine adopted Christianity for himself and declared the religion officially tolerated throughout the Roman Empire. With Constantines conversion, Christian persecution ended and the development of Christendom began. Thus, the event celebrated by the Arch of Constantine was a  major turning point  in the history of the western world. 7. Archbishops Palace, Prague Jean Baptist Mathey city of Prague in the Czech Republic The Archbishops Palace in Prague in the Czech Republic dates back to the mid-15th century. The Archbishops Palace in the city of Prague in the Czech Republic is home to some of the finest architecture around Europe and was constructed on the foundation of a Renaissance home. The home was reconstructed for two years in 1562-1564 and later in 1669-1694 in the Baroque style. The front of the Archbishops Palace in the city of Prague is a magnificent display of extravagant 18th century architecture and the interior is just as spectacular. Tapestries decorate several rooms and the furniture is all from the 18th century amongst portraits that relate to the Christian Church. The Archbishops Palace shares its entrance with the Sternberg Palace which is an incredible public attraction that is open to visitors to view great art masterpieces from the 14th 18th centuries. On the facade of the Palace there is a display of different hats that are ranked for the church officials. The hat with ten tassels belonged to the Archbishop and the others with five tassels were the bishops. The Archbishops Palace and the Sternberg Palace are worth seeing while visiting Prague even if you just get a chance to see the incredible architecture of this building. Archbishops Palace, the Seat of the Arch Bishop near the entrance to the Castle of Prague, Czech Republic, Europe. 8. The Ark, London Ralph Erskine, Lennart Bergstrom, Arkitektkontor, Rock Townsend Hammersmith, London, The Ark is that very unusual but arty and landmark office building by the Hammersmith flyover in west London, which appears always empty to the millions of car commuters that stream past it everyday, on their way in and out of London. In fact, the building was bought by GE Capital Real Estate back in 2006, who finally have decided to use it to consolidate the various GE London offices into one space. The Ark is an original and popular landmark greeting visitors to London as they drive in on the A4 through Hammersmith, from the west or Heathrow Airport. On a cramped site hemmed in by a concrete overpass on one side and a railway cutting on another, the Ark sits serenely if rather darkly, its brown glass hiding some long gaps between lettings. Visually, the Ark is immediately striking both outside and in. Outside, it plays the Ark idea almost to the full, although early plans for a large ramp leading up to the entrance have not been fulfilled. The idea of such a ramp is still hinted at by the cutaway in the facade, where any metaphorical ramp would fold up into hull once the animal pairs were all on board.

Influence Of Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay

Influence Of Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay All sociological research designs and methods make certain assumptions about the nature of the social world and how knowledge is generated. One of the ways that research can be evaluated and improved is to make these assumptions more explicit (Hibberd, 2005). Positivism, interpretivism and realism give different answers to the nature of scientific knowledge and whether or not it is applicable to societies. Many scholars argue that a great deal of sociological research contains elements of all three (Suppe, 1984; Bickhard, 1992; Hibberd, 2010). To a far extent these arguments have influenced the methodological division of social research. It is claimed that, the quantitative methods have their intellectual underpinning in the positivist and realist paradigms, while the qualitative methods/techniques have their intellectual underpinning in interpretativist, constructivist, and naturalist paradigms (Hanzel, 2010). However, despite these ongoing arguments between the methodological traditions of qualitative and quantitative research (Gage, 1989); combined methods represent a fast developing field of social science methodology. As all methods have specific margins and particular strengths, many discussants propose that qualitative and quantitative methods should be combined in order to compensate for their mutual weaknesses (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003). Moreover, it is claimed that this movement scripts the beginning of a new era in social research indicated by a tendency to combine quantitative and qualitative methods pragmatically unencumbered by old debates (Johnson Turner, 2003). Therefore it is emphasized that the uses of a mixed-method design provides an important tool in overcoming the limitations of both qualitative and quantitative mono-method research. This essay deals with social theories that influence qualitative and qualitative research methods employed in social sciences as either in principle separable or even as irreconcilable methods of social sciences. It starts with a characterization of positivism, Interpretivism and realism; and links these theories to the foundation of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Then, it shows how they deal with the various aspects of the qualitative-quantitative divide. Finally, it is the intention to show how the combined methodological approach may be integrated in a coherent way to add value and assist in the design of a single research project. With an emphasis on the differences and similarities between quantitative and qualitative approaches providing the basis for exploring the methods of combining both approaches to overcome their weaknesses by providing a commentary of the complementary strengths of each tradition. Characterizing Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism approaches Few sociologists would describe themselves as a positivist, interpretivist or realist. These are terms used primarily by methodologists and social theorists to describe and evaluate the theoretical assumptions underlying different approaches to research (Bickhard, 1992; Johnson, 2006; Hibberd, 2010). There are many different views in sociology about what societies are and the best ways of obtaining knowledge of them. This part of the essay simplifies matters to some extent by characterizing three of the most influential theories of knowledge in sociology: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Bryman, 1998 and 2001; Hibberd 2010). Positivism Positivism is frequently used to stand for the epistemological assumption that empirical knowledge based on principles of objectivity, verificationism, and reproducibility is the foundation of all authentic knowledge (Bryman, 2001; Hanzel, 2010). The term positivist has been critical for some time in the human sciences because positivist tends to subscribe to a number of ideas that have no place in present-day science and philosophy (Hanzel, 2010). Positivism views that sociology can and should use the methods of the natural sciences, that do not usually mean using experiments because there are all sorts of ethical problems with doing that, but positivists do believe that sociologists should use quantitative methods and aim to identify and measure social structures. As a philosophical approach, positivism encompasses a group of notions. Table 1 below, provides main characters for positivist key ideas. It shows that positivists sum up all the items by being against metaphysics (Hackin g, 1983). Character Description emphasis upon verification Significant propositions are those whose truth or falsehood can be settled in some way. Pro-observation What we can see, feel, touch, and the like provide the best content or foundation for all the rest of our non mathematical knowledge. Discoverability Scientific knowledge is something discovered (rather than produced or constructed). Anti-cause There is no causality in nature, over and above the constancy with which events of one kind are followed by events of another kind. Downplaying explanation Explanation may help organize phenomena, but do not provide any deeper answer to Why questions except to say that the phenomena regularly occur in such and such a way. Anti-theoretical entities Positivists tend to be non-realists, not only because they restrict reality to the observable but also because they are against causes and are dubious about explanations. Table 1: Positivism characters Source: Hacking, 1983 Positivist theory argues that the methods of the natural sciences are applicable to the study of societies. In the positivist view, sociology involves the search for causal relationships between observable phenomena and theories are tested against observations (Hibberd, 2009). Researchers adopting a positivist point of view may still be interested in finding out about peoples subjective views. For example, they explore things such as attitudes and opinions through survey research (Michell, 2003). However, they see the task of sociology as explaining why people behave in the way they do, and how people really feel about things cannot be explained scientifically. Interpretivist Interpretivists do not necessarily reject the positivist account of knowledge, but they question the idea that the logic and methods of natural science can be imported into the study of societies. Max Weber was one of the main influences on the interpretivist tradition in sociology. For him, natural science and social science are two very different enterprises requiring a different logic and different methods (Bryman, 1982). At the heart of interpretivist critique of positivism is a humanist viewpoint. Some of those favouring an interpretivist view of sociology have long argued that in their search for a scientific explanation of social life, positivist have sometimes forgotten that they are studying people, and to study people you need to get out and explore how they really think and act in everyday situations. Interpretivists argue that unlike objects in nature, human beings can change their behaviour if they know they are being observed (Collins, 1984; Guba, 1987). So, interpretivists argue that if we want to understand social action, we need to look into the reasons and meanings which that action has for people (Marsh, 2002). Take the example of crime, a positivist would argue that researchers can simply measure crime using quantitative methods and identify patterns and correlations.   While, an interpretivist would argue that we need to understand what people mean by crime, how they come to catego rize certain actions as criminal and then investigate who comes to be seen as criminal in a particular society . The aim of interpretivist approaches in sociology is to understand the subjective experiences of those being studied, how they think and feel and how they act in their natural contexts (Marsh, 2002; Johnson, 2006). Therefore, although interpretivists still try to be objective and systematic in their research, the key criterion in interpretivist epistemology is validity. The favoured research design is ethnography and the main methods are ones that help researchers understand social life from the point of view of those being studied, such as unstructured observation, unstructured interviews and personal documents. Interpretivism has provided a powerful critique of many of the taken-for-granted ideas of positivism that are widely used in sociology and in other social sciences (Marsh, 2002). It has also influenced a whole field of research illuminating peoples everyday life experiences. However, interpretivists accounts are criticised by some sociologists for not providing testable hypotheses that can be evaluated. This can lead to relativism where one theory, or study, is seen as just as good as any other. Realism Realist theory, like positivism, holds that sociology can, and should, follow the logic and methods of the natural sciences, meanwhile, it differs from positivism in its interpretation of science (Hartwig, 2007; Hibberd, 2010). In positivist research, theories are tested against observations and found to be true or false or somewhere in between. In simple terms, the facts are the judge of the theory (Hibberd, 2010). Realists do not make this clear-cut separation because they do not believe that observations can be separated from theories (Parker, 2003; Hartwig, 2007). They argue that no form of science relies exclusively on observable empirical evidence. There are always aspects of any form of reality that remain hidden beneath the surface of what can be observed (Duran, 2005; Hibberd, 2010). According to realists, the aim of scientific work is to uncover the underlying causal mechanisms that bring about observable regularities. Realists see research being guided primarily by scientific criteria, such as the systematic collection of evidence, reliability and transparency. However, because they recognise the importance of the subjective dimension of human action, they also include methods that document the validity of peoples experiences (Bhaskar, 1999). Research designs are more likely to be experimental or comparative in realist research, but there is no particular commitment to either quantitative or qualitative methods (Parker, 2003; Hartwig 2007).The focus of realist methodology, however, is on theory. Realists argue that as there is no such thing as theory-free data: sociological methods should be specifically focused on the evaluation and comparison of theoretical concepts, explanations and policies. The development of a clear, realist epistemology is comparatively recent in sociology and owes much to new realist writers like Bhaskar (1986, 1999) and Pawson (1989). They have provided a different interpretation of science and its relationship to social sciences, and a developing alternative to the dominant theories of positivism and Interpretivism that laid the foundations for a non-empiricist epistemology in social science (Hibberd, 2009 and 2010). However, they would say that this doesnt mean that either set of methods, positivist or interpretive, have to be ditched. The realists argument is that sociologists can be pragmatic and use whatever methods are appropriate for particular circumstances. Social reality is complex and to study it, sociologists can draw on both positivist and interpretivist methods. However, realism is also criticised for exaggerating the dependence of science and social science on theory, and realist epistemology offers, at best, very limited truths about the social world. Many studies in sociology use a combination of positivist, interpretivist and, more recently, realist ideas, just as they use different research methods. The three theories are very general descriptive terms and there are many different theoretical approaches within the general framework of each one. Table 2 shows different research methods associated with each theory. Theory Research design Research methods Positivism Social surveys Structural interviews Experimental Structural observations Comparative Official statistics Interpretivism Ethnography Participant observation Unstructured interviews Personal documents Realism Experimental Non-specific, but methods are theory-focused Comparative Table 2: Theory, Design and methods Source: Bryman, 2001 Conflict of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paradigms The quantitative methods have their rational foundation in the positivist and realist paradigms, while the qualitative methods have their rational foundation in interpretativist, constructivist, and naturalist paradigms. The opposition between these paradigms was succinctly characterized by Guba as follows: The one precludes the other just as surely as belief in a round world precludes believing in a flat one (Guba 1987, 31). The opposition between these paradigms is then expressed as shown below in table 3 (Lincoln and Guba 1985). Axioms About Positivist Paradigm Naturalist Paradigm The nature of reality Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable. Realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic. The relationship of the knower to the known Knower and known are independent, a dualism. Knower and known are interactive, inseparable. The possibility of generalization Time- and context-free generalizations (nomothetic statements) are possible. Only time- and context-bound working hypotheses (idiographic statements) are possible. The possibility of causal linkages There are real causes, temporally precedent or simultaneous with their effects. All entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects. The role of values Inquiry is value-free. Inquiry is value-bound. Table 3: Contrasting of Positivists and Naturalists Paradigms, Source: Amended from (Hanzel, 2010; Lincoln and Guba 1985) Consequently, it is commonly claimed that quantitative research is based on positivistic assumptions, whereas the qualitative approach is grounded on anti-positivistic positions (Lincoln Guba, 1985; Lund, 2005). Several researchers and academics (Creswell, 1995; Gall Borg, 1996; Ryan Bernard, 2000) have given additional explanations to both methods; they are asserting that quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships within the social sciences. Thus, the objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to social phenomena. The process of numerical measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Qualitative research is distinctive by nature in aiming to collect detailed accounts investigating into the understanding of human behaviour. The qualitative researcher assumes that flexibility in human behaviour is socially constructed, as so, seeks to reason and analyses factors that govern such behaviour; in doing so the qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just the quantifiable what, where or when occurrences. Similarly, Jana Plichtovà ¡ (2002) claims that the differences between the quantitative and qualitative research methods are based on a paradigmatically different understanding of the subject matter of and the sense of cognition in the social sciences, that is: The quantitative approach starts from the premise that we can arrive at trustworthy knowledge only if the human being is reduced to a set of measurable variables between which we can presuppose the relations of causation. It sees the sense of cognition in prediction and control of human behaviour. While, the qualitative approach does not agree with that reduction because it degrades the human being to a reacting mechanism, It proposes such research strategies which respect the fact that the human being is an acting being pursuing certain intentions, creating and understanding meanings, and that it is a socio-cultural being whose adaptation has a mediated and social charac ­ter (Plichtovà ¡, 2002). Moreover, Gall et al. (1996, cited Lund, 2005) presents key differences between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Part of the difference refers to what researchers assume, the other part focuses on the truth of these assumptions, irrespectively of whether or not they are adopted by researchers. Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) have other classifications to the differences between both methods; they argue that the quantitative-qualitative paradigm conflict has resulted in the evolution of three major schools of thought, namely: purists, situationalists and pragmatists. The difference between these three perceptions relates to the extent to which each believes that quantitative and qualitative approaches can co-exist and be combined (Bryman, 1984). These three camps can be understood as purists and pragmatists exist on opposite ends, while situationalists are somewhere in the middle. The following account focuses on Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) perspective. For purists, the assumptions associated with quantitative and qualitative paradigms regarding how the world is viewed and what it is important to know are irreconcilable. They envisage that both methods stem from different metaphysical and epistemological assumptions about the nature of research (Bryman, 1984; Collins, 1984; Tashakkori Teddlie, 1998). Purists advocate that the methods and tenets from positivism and post-positivism cannot and should not be mixed (Smith, 1983). They believe that the axioms of post-positivism and positivism have mutually exclusive assumptions about society; therefore, the research methods derived under each are considered to be mutually exclusive as well In agreement with purists and acceptance of both positivist and post positivist paradigms, situationalists maintain that qualitative and quantitative methods are complementary but should not be integrated in a single study. However, they believe that definite research questions relate more to quantitative approaches, whereas other research questions are more suitable for qualitative methods (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Thus, although representing very different directions, the two approaches are treated as being complementary. By contrast, pragmatists, unlike purists and situationalists, contend that a false separation exists between quantitative and qualitative approaches (Newman Benz, 1998). They advocate the integration of methods within a single study. Sieber (1973) articulated that because both approaches have intrinsic strengths and weaknesses, researchers should utilize the strengths of both techniques in order to understand better social phenomena. Indeed, pragmatists assign to the philosophy that the research question should drive the methods used (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). In any case, researchers who ascribe to epistemological purity disregard the fact that research methodologies are merely tools that are designed to aid our understanding of the world. Table 4 presents a summary of the qualitative-quantitative divide, understood as a clash of paradigms, each characterized by the characteristics shown in the table (Reichardt and Cook 1979). Here the divide is approached by means of a possible link between the respective method and the attributes of a paradigm. Another characterization of the nature of the qualitative-quantitative divide is presented by A. Bryman, as shown in table 5 (Bryman 1988, 94). Qualitative Paradigm Quantitative Paradigm Advocates the use of qualitative methods Advocates the use of quantitative methods Phenomenology concerned with understanding human behavior from the actors own frame of reference Logical-positivism; seeks the facts or causes of social phenomena with little regard for the subjective states of individuals Naturalistic and uncontrolled observation Obtrusive and controlled measurement Subjective Objective Grounded, discovery-oriented, exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive Ungrounded, verification-oriented, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential, and hypothetico-deductive Process-oriented Outcome-oriented Valid; real, rich, and deep data Reliable; hard and replicable data Ungeneralizable; single case studies Generalizable; multiple case studies Holistic Particularistic Assumes a dynamic reality Assumes a stable reality Table 4: Reichardt and Cook on Attributes of the Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms Source: Amended from (Hanzel,2010) Based on such characterizations of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research, the issue of the qualitative-quantitative divide in social sciences could be approached from two points of view. The first, mod ­erate, according to which one deals only with two different sets of techniques that can be, if required, mutually combined; and the second, radical, accord ­ing to which the divide and the respective techniques/methods are rooted in paradigmatically opposed epistemologies and, thus, the respective methods/techniques cannot be combined.   Aspect Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Role of qualitative research Preparatory Means to exploration of actors interpretations Relationship between researcher and subject Distant Close Researchers stance in relation to subject Outsider Insider Relationship between theory/concept and research Confirmation Emergent Research strategy Structured Unstructured Scope of findings Nomothetic Ideographic Image of social reality Static and external to actor Processual and socially constructed by actor Nature of data Hard, reliable Rich, deep Table 5: Bryman on Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Source: Amended from (Hanzel,2010) Similarities between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches It is possible to argue that there are overwhelmingly more similarities between quantitative and qualitative approaches than there are differences (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Bothe and Andreatta (2004), add that both approaches involve the use of observations to address research questions, describe their data, construct descriptive arguments from their data, and speculate about why the results they observed happened as they did. Both sets of researchers select and use analytical techniques that are designed to obtain the maximal meaning from their data, and so that findings have utility in relation to their respective views of reality (Kelle, 2006). Both methods investigators utilize techniques to verify their data. Such techniques include persistent observation with continuous and prolonged investigation of the research study with consideration to rival explanations. Replication of the chosen study method to other cases (of which may include extreme scenarios) provides the opportunity to gain validity of findings and the methodological approach used, by means of a representative study group to allow for reliable generalisations to be made. Triangulation, verification of researcher effects and weighting of the evidence identifies and resolves researcher bias and thick description (Creswell, 1998, cited Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005) which may impact on the findings. Debriefing of study participants may obtain valuable feedback from participants also. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative researches represent an interactive range and the role of theory is central for both paradigms. Specifically, in qualitative research the most common purposes are those of theory initiation and theory building, whereas in quantitative research the most typical objectives are those of theory testing and theory modification (Newman Benz, 1998). Clearly, neither tradition is independent of the other, nor can either school encompass the whole research process. Thus, both quantitative and qualitative research techniques are needed to gain a more complete understanding of phenomena (Newman Benz, 1998). Hence, there are many parallels exist between quantitative and qualitative research. Indeed, the purity of a research paradigm is a function of the extent to which the researcher is prepared to conform to its underlying assumptions (Luttrell, Wendy, 2005).This suggests that methodological pluralism (Larsson, 2009) should be promoted, the best way for this to occur is for as many investigators as possible to become pragmatic researchers (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Combined research methods and function in the research process A combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches can assist in practical solutions to overcome limitations of mono-method research discussed for the last 50 years (Kelle, 2006). However, it is rarely addressed in current debates whether it is possible to develop solid methodological strategies for structuring research methods based on that insight of combining qualitative and quantitative methods (Creswell et al., 2003; Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003; Onwuegbuzie Leech, 2005), though there is a broad agreement that a use of multiple methods with complementary strengths and different weaknesses can add value to a single research. Despite this, the discussion provides only sparse information about which designs could overcome which weaknesses of mono-method research. Furthermore, there is still a lack of agreement about the exact classification and terminology of different mixed methods, combined method or multi-method designs which are used in research practice (Tashakkor i Teddlie, 2003, cited Onwuegbuzie Leech, 2005, p:307 ). By starting the research process with a qualitative study, researchers may obtain access to knowledge that helps them to develop the appropriate theoretical concepts and to construct consistent research instruments later on that cover relevant phenomena by consequential and relevant items. Such a design helps to overcome the limited transferability of findings from qualitative research as well as the initially mentioned hazards of the heuristics of commonsense knowledge (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005, p: 307). This approach can help to construct consistent research instruments that cover relevant phenomena by consequential and relevant substances. Meanwhile, combining qualitative and quantitative methods the opposite way could be useful in many cases; that means starting with a quantitative study, followed by qualitative questions (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005; Lund 2005). In this quantitative-qualitative approach, problem areas and research questions are identified by carrying out a quantitative study which will have to be further investigated with the help of qualitative data and methods. The problem of quantitative research addressed by this design is often the difficulty to understand statistical findings without additional socio cultural knowledge. Furthermore, the quantitative part of a sequential quantitative-qualitative design can guide systematic case comparison in the following qualitative inquiry by helping to identify criteria for the selection of cases and by providing a sampling frame (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005; Kelle, 2006). Thus, this design can help to overcome an important threat of validity existing in qualitative research that researchers focus on distant and marginal cases. Another problem of qualitative research can be addressed by this design: it helps to avoid a qualitative study with an outsized scope that covers a domain too wide to be captured with the help of a small qualitative sample. Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) give a simple example to understand the above problem: a qualitative study of family life in a contemporary city would have to take into account many more different forms of families than a similar study in a traditional rural community in the first decades of the twentieth century. By drawin g on statistical material about the distribution of different family forms, the minimum requirements for qualitative sampling could be easily captured, and may be well advised to downsize the research question and research domain (Bryman, 2001; Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). On the other hand, a parallel qualitative-quantitative design can fulfil similar functions to a sequential design: the qualitative part of the study can provide information that helps to understand statistical relations, to develop explanations and to identify additional variables that increase variance already explained in the quantitative data. A great benefit of a parallel qualitative-quantitative design is that it helps to identify measurement problems and methodological artefact of both qualitative and quantitative data, as the same persons are interviewed with different techniques (Bryman, 1992 and 2001). However, this parallel design approach encloses an important disadvantage, it is that qualitative sampling and data collection cannot be systematically developed from research questions derived from quantitative data; therefore it can easily be the case that the available qualitative data provide no answers for questions coming from the quantitative study, as they were not col lected for that purpose. Conclusion It is shown throughout this essay that the theoretical approach influences the methodological approach and vice versa. Many studies in sociology use a combination of positivist, interpretivist and, realist ideas. The essay demonstrates that the influence of positivism has inspired much of social research most prevalent research methods. Some of these include surveys, questionnaires and statistical models. Researchers applying a positivist methodology for their study consider large-scale sample surveys and controlled laboratory experiments as suitable research methods. These methods can be justified as they allow positivist researchers to employ empirical and logical quantitative data. While, interpretivism employs qualitative methods to understand people, not to measure them, it attempts to capture reality in interaction, however, does not necessarily exclude quantitative methods. Whereas, quantitative results from a positivist method like a survey are unlikely to provide understandi ng of this deeper reality and therefore should not be a major part of any realism research project, basically, because realism research data are almost always qualitative data about meanings. The essay provides several benefits of performing mixed method research. Researchers of social science use a wide variety of research methods to gain and enhance knowledge and theory. The different types of research methodologies, quantitative and qualitative, are associated with the epistemological and theoretical perspectives the researcher wishes to adopt. The essay demonstrated that quantitative and qualitative methods can fulfil different, yet, complementary purposes within mixed-method designs. Quantitative methods can give an overview ab

The Exley Chemical Company Analysis

The Exley Chemical Company Analysis Muhao Zhou Abstract The Exley chemical company is a major chemical manufacturer making primarily industrial chemicals, plastics, and consumer products. Company sales and profits have grown, and its ratio of net profits to sales I about average for the industry. However, in the last year, both sales and profits have been disappointing. [G1]The company thinks it is the problem of new products constantly being introduced into the line and methods are changing constantly. This is not the major reason about company lost competition. [G2][G3]The major problem is internal conflict between team members and departments. Another problem is poor leadership and management of each department. Managers must find and implement ways that allow Exley Chemical Company operate efficiently. Conflict resolution and large group intervention may help the company [G4]achieve the goal.[G5][G6] Exley Chemical Company Case analysis Internal conflict problems are inevitable within an organization no matter the structure. The problems will exist unless companys managers recognize the situation and fix the problems. The cause of these problems is a result of [G7]departments conflict, unclear goals, disobedience, and lack of communications between each department.[G8][G9][G10] Conflicts were created with almost all the departments. The product development division using a small force of specialty sales people to conduct pilot marketing programs an initiative which was not well received by marketing people. The product division was given responsibility for market research. However, these still remained in the market division. After these things, the company set up a product manager for each group of products. This made company has more problems. [G11]First, the Product manager quarrels with the marketing department. The product manager often visits customers to get feedback while marketing executives are doing the same thing at same time. At this period of time, customers often get confused by this. The marketing vice president thinks that the product development intervenes their work. This should be marketing developments work. [G12][G13]Second, the calculating sales estimates are causing misinformation to be produced since the norm[G14]al within the compa ny[G15] is to use the total market as opposed to their share of the market.[G16] The product development group did not follow companys guidelines. They were doing this in their own way. [G17]Third, the company ignored the [G18]customers ideas and competitors in industry. When most customers give advice for the company, they did not give feedback on this. The competitors have a lower price of the similar products compare with Exley.   Each division head works on the project that makes the most for their division. They want to [G19][G20][G21]maximize the potential of their department. This is not the companys goal after examining the environment of Exleys business. [G22]Organizational environments are everything beyond the boundaries of organizations that can directly or indirectly affect performance and outcomes. It includes external agents that directly affect the organization, such as suppliers, customers, regulators, and competitors, as well as indirect influences in the wider c ultural, political, and economic context. There are two classes of environments called general environment and industry structure or task environment. In this case, Exley companys general environment is certain and simple. Technologically, the company is dependent on new products innovation. At industry structure or task environment, as defined by Michael Porter, an organizations task environment consists of fine forces: supplier power, buyer power, threats of substitutes, threats of entry and rivalry among competitions. [G23][G24]At this point, Exley Company is moderated competitive and high pressure on profits. The threats of entry are low. It is difficult and costly to enter this market. Chemical industry needs high knowledge research people to keep innovation and equipment is expensive to obtain. The threats of substitute products are high. The competitors always have methods to get more market share with a lower price or new products. The force of suppliers power is low because the resources are available anywhere. The customers forces are high. The buyers are willing to pay a low price for similar products. Finally, rivalry among firms is severe. The Exley chemical company current is the average of the total industry which indicates that they have a lot of competitors. [G25][G26][G27][G28][G29][G30]The company is facing the threats from buyer power and rivalry among competitions but none of them get noticed by the company.[G31][G32][G33][G34][G35][G36][G37][G38][G39][G40][G41][G42][G43] Exley chemical company establish the product development division to manage the increasing number of new products. The product development division was charged with coordinating in developing new products, including recommending manufacturing capacity, sales programs, and so on. The company has found the problems and conflict in several departments. The role of this division is like OD practitioner.   [G44]Based on the book, OD is vitally dependent on effective diagnosis to access how the organization in functioning and to choose an appropriate change intervention. New product development division has taken on a life of its own, opting to market its new developments instead of passing the new products to the other divisions to handle their usual responsibilities. It is difficult to coordinate the companies operations under this division. The director of product development division who should have the expertise and experience to work with members on the issues like an OD practition er but the self-proclaimed independence of this new division is causing conflicts among the other divisions that previously collaborated effectively. New division could not solve the problems of lack communication between each division. [G45][G46] Exley chemical companys organization structure is also a big problem. The company is a matrix organization. Matrix organizational designs originally evolved in the aerospace industry, where changing customer demands and technological conditions caused managers to focus on lateral relationships between functions to develop a flexible and adaptable system of resources and procedures, and to achieve a series of project objectives. On the positive side, it allows multiple orientations. New products or projects can be implemented quickly by using people flexible and moving between product and functional orientations as circumstances demand. It can maintain consistency among departments and projects by requiring communication among managers. Unfortunately, Exley chemical company did not get any advantage on that organization structure. [G47][G48][G49]There are miscommunicate with each divisions managers and unable to shift emphasis by environment changes. Matrix structures are motivating a nd exciting for many people. On the negative side, the company without balancing between product and functional forms which lower the overall performance. The crisis management and conflicts under inconsistent demands by this structure. Matrix structures are appropriate under three important conditions. First, there must be [G50]outside pressures for a dual focus. Exley chemical company has a unique research department which focuses on innovation new products[G51]. They also have different products in several markets. Second, the organization must process a large amount of information. When external environmental demands change, the company should have to make a proper decision. Exley Company cannot process a large amount of information. [G52][G53][G54]Most important information from competitors and customers were ignored by the company because of the lack of communications and team collaboration inefficiently in the organization. [G55][G56][G57]Third, there must be pressures for sh ared resources. When customer demands vary greatly and technological requirements are strict, valuable human and physical resources are likely to be scarce. Exley chemical company might fail under this structure if any of these conditions are not met. [G58][G59] Recommendations for Exley chemical company Based on the analysis above, I would recommend an intergroup conflict intervention and select an OD professional from outside to training and helping organization managers. Intergroup conflict intervention is designed specifically to help two or more groups or departments within an organization resolve dysfunctional conflicts. In this case, there are conflicts between the different divisions as to who is responsible for what and when. Whether it between the product division and the marketing division, or the sales department and the marketing division, each of them must be able to overcome these problems. According to Blake and his associates, the basic strategy for improving intergroup relationships consists of a ten-step procedure. For Exley chemical company to apply this intergroup conflict intervention, the external OD practitioner should obtain all these department managers agreement to work together. OD practitioner set a time for managers to meet. The next thing is OD practitioner with managers describe the purpose and objectives of the meeting: to develop better mutual relationships, explore the perceptions the groups have of each other and form ulate plans for improving the relationship. The OD practitioner lets each group managers answer the questions and describes other managers. In this case, I would question the managers: what is your department goal and what is your job? and what do you think other departments goal and what is their job? After they completing their questions, each group managers should present their answers. By this point, the misperceptions and discrepancies have been brought to light. The managers of the company could thoroughly understand each other job and goals. At last, [G60][G61][G62]managers are asked to set a specific plan of action for solving problems and for improving their relationships. There will be a follow-up meeting about how these problems implemented and identify any further problems that have emerged. [G63][G64] Intergroup conflict intervention will keep the companies goals in mind and everyone working in the same direction.[G65][G66][G67][G68][G69] Another recommendation is Exley chemical company should find an external consultant or OD practitioner to find and solve companys problems.   The current product development division seems like a role of OD but they are not experienced and professional to solve the conflicts among the departments in an organization.[G70][G71] Conclusion Matrix structure organization like Exley chemical company has its own advantages and disadvantages. I would not recommend that Exley chemical company restructures the organization. [G72]The major problems of Exley chemical company are conflicts among each department. Lack of communication of departments causes each department just work on their own project. [G73]Intergroup Conflict intervention and OD practitioner will help managers achieve their task and solve organizations problems.[G74][G75][G76][G77]