Cigarette Smoking Causes And Effects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2966 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Smoking Essay Did you like this example? If we look at the life cycle of a cigarette we will see that it contains no magical or enchanting elements in it which can make a person addicted for life. For many smokers, quitting to smoke is like an impossible task, and unfortunately, this may be by design. According to FDA’s exploring How a Cigarette is Engineered, researchers highlight some of the reasons why to quit smoking can be difficult. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cigarette Smoking: Causes And Effects" essay for you Create order Its not just because cigarettes contain the addictive chemical nicotine, but also because the design and content of cigarettes continue to make them addictive and attractive to consumers. According to the surgeon general’s report on the health consequences of smoking, companies are making cigarettes more addictive engineering the tobacco crops holding the amount of nicotine in two times more, so it is delivered to smokers by 14.5 percent more than it would be naturally made. Philip Morris Principal Scientist W. L. Dunn says, â€Å"No one has ever become a cigarette smoker by smoking cigarettes without nicotine.† Naturally nicotine is addictive, however manufactories make it extra addictive to make it harder for their consumers to quit. One of the examples who struggles from quitting the addictiveness is a former President Barack Obama, who calls himself a â€Å"former smoker† at his press conference. In the video â€Å"Obama’s Smoking Struggle† the president says, â€Å"I’ve said before that as a former smoker I constantly struggle with it† †¦ â€Å"Have I fallen off the wagon sometimes? Yes. Am I a daily smoker. A constant smoker? No.† He also adds, â€Å"I would say that I am 95 percent cured, but there are times where †¦ where I mess up† (Obama 0:48-1:00, 1:09-1:17). From this example we can see that quitting to smoke is a very hard task, however if human has great willpower and desire to crib smoking it’s possible and never too late. Researchers argue that for increased cigarettes selling factories make cigarettes not only extra addictive, but make cigarettes seen more appealing and attractive to people. Economically, cigarettes are highly advertised, extremely affordable and accessible to practically anyone. As for the advertisement aspect in the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spend billions of dollars per year to advertise their brands. This money is spent on the actual advertisement, and also on manipulating the subconscious minds of teenagers (Reynolds, 1999). Billboards and magazines lure teenagers to smoke, by using teen idols and appealing photos in their ads. Cigarette advertisements generally contain hidden messages. The goal is to create a misconception of smoking. These advertisements tend to glamorize smoking. At first when people see the ad, they are not aware of these hidden messages, but they have already been influenced by them unconsciously. The illusions of smoking have been presented to consumers as if they can make peoples lives easier in every different perspective. During the 1040s and 50s smoking was popular and socially acceptable. Movie stars, sports heroes, and celebrities appeared in cigarette advertisements that promoted and heavily influenced teens. Influence also came from Television and other media sources. Many advertisements contain hidden messages which people cannot be aware of simply by a glance. The hidden messages are very persuasive in terms of the audience they are trying to appeal to. Instead of presenting the audience with false statements about smoking, the ads tend to lead the audience to a different perspective. This is the main goal of advertisement, to persuade people into buying their product without exaggeration or false statements to make more money on increased rating of selling cigarettes. Despite the strong addiction and attractive advertisements of cigarettes people forget about actual harmfulness and causality of the cigarette smoking. People should know and think about how cigarette smoking is harmful to the health. Smoking is actually one of the major facilitators of health related disorders such as lung cancer, liver related problems among many more. This is because of the direct content of nicotine that is found in smoke thus causing extra pulmonary toxicity (Houtsmuller Stitzer 150). Equally, it paves way for more infections because the tiny hairs (cilia) in the respiratory track are destroyed by the smoke and chemicals found in tobacco thus the fundamental protective mechanism destroyed. According to National Vital Statistics Reports in the article â€Å"Deaths: Leading Causes for 2014† Melonie Heron and Robert N. Anderson argue that the second most leading cause of death in the US is cancer, and about 87 percent of all cancer-related deaths are caused by smoking cigarettes. Deaths and percentage of total deaths for the 10 leading causes of death in United States during 2014. Moreover, they state that malignant neoplasms or in the other words – cancer, caused 2 591,700 deaths in USA in 2014, or 22.5% of total death. The most significant aging factor especially on the face is smoking. It makes the facial skin to leather with deep wrinkles hence, a pure reflection of heavy and regular smoking habits. Equally, according to the American academy of dermatology it is true that smoking results to biochemical changes, which speeds up the aging process in humanity (Perkins Carolyn 459). Diseases caused by smoking include, lung cancer, COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema (Pokorski, 45). American Lung Association states that more than 1,300 people die because of cigarette smoking, and about 400 kids become daily smokers each day in the United States. About half of all cigarette smokers die of tobacco related diseases and also, all tobacco users lose an average of 14 years of their lifespan. Medical experts state that cigarette smoking by pregnant women ca uses birth defects such low birth weight, premature birth, fetal abnormalities and other birth conditions that may hinder the development of the child. If look at Wikipedia and other sources there’re a lot of example of people of died from lung cancer. According to Wikipedia Sean Morton Downey, a program director and announcer at radio station WPOP, and an American television talk show host, was born on December 9, 1932, and on March 12, 2001 dead from lung cancer caused by smoking. â€Å"In June 1996, Downey was diagnosed with lung cancer while being treated for pneumonia, and had one of his lungs removed†. When he finds out about his diagnose of being lung cancer, he comments: I had spawned a generation of kids to think it was cool to smoke a cigarette. Kids walked up to me until a matter of weeks ago, theyd have a cigarette in their hand and theyd say, Hey, Mort, or, Hey, Mouth, autograph my cigarette. And Id do it. (Wikipedia). In addition, British have concluded that smokers feel the taste of food is incomplete. They state that smoking suppresses taste buds and reduces appetite. Since the use of tobacco speeds up metabolism, it can cause weight gain. In general, most people know that smoking cigarette is harmful, and mo st of all causing lung cancer and death. Scientists from the British University Queen Mary in London have found that 60-70% from the beginning to smoke become heavy smokers. The findings of the experts were published in the journal Nicotine and Tobacco Research. Participation in the research which was attended by over 200 thousand people were not all directly related to smoking, some respondents constantly or occasionally smoked. Calculations show that the probability of acquiring a nicotine addiction after the first cigarette is quite high. Analysts compare the results with the use of the most powerful drugs used by people cocaine and heroin. That is why, scientists believe, health workers of all countries should not be engaged in attracting attention from tobacco but pay attention to preventing primary use of nicotine. The researchers, among other things, found that heavy smokers were more likely to be followers of classic cigarettes than vapors. According to Hayek’s research, the reason for this is a different composition of tobacco products. Its components, not yet known to scientists, but it’s on the way of development. Some doctors believe that a consensus on the nature of nicotine addiction lies in psychology. Their opponents insist on the physiological roots of the problem. One of the examples that cigarettes contain such a dangerous and harmful to the human body chemicals is in the â€Å"experimental† video by Rebecca Rollyson. In her YouTube video which is called â€Å"Trying my 1st cigarette!!! Almost passed out†¦ Must watch†, Rollyson tries to smoke the first cigarette. However, it turns the way that at the end of the video she throws cigarettes away, because even after taking the first few inhales, she experiences the bad feelings and side effects on her health. She complains, Apparently my lungs didnt like it as well †¦ my chest is on fire †¦ I have heartburn† (8:01 -8:04, 13:58-14:01). Afterall, the experimenter encourages her viewers not even try to start smoking, who has not begun yet, because of effects in the human body that chemicals produce after even first few inhales. Looking at all of the facts that smoking effects smoker’s health there appears a good notion that warning can serve as important devices of communication to persuade and motivate changes in behavior if they are appropriately designed (Andrews, Netemeyer, Kees Burton, 2014). Health warnings on cigarette packages can affect the health beliefs and behavior of smokers. As such, counter marketing programs aim at understanding the pathways that may drive thoughts on how to quit smoking and design the most effective counter marketing programs to induce smoking cessation. Therefore, it is vital to extend perceptions into how graphic visual warnings affect young smokers. This will facilitate the development of a better understanding of how graphic visual warnings can address smoking today. Here appears question that if smokers have the significant harassments, what should people do and how should them quit smoking and then avoid health effects or even death? There is no one right way to quit. Successful cessation may include one or a combination of methods including using step-by-step manuals, attending self- help classes or counseling, or using a nicotine replacement. The factors that influence the progression of smoking, particularly among adolescents and young adults should be understood in a comprehensive manner in order to come up with ideal ways to help smokers quit the habit. This can be done through introducing bans on home smoking, appealing to smokers through graphic visual warnings on the negative effects of smoking on health, harnessing the contribution of psychiatrists in the treatment of tobacco addiction, or introducing of using a nicotine replacement during the cessation or quitting, and banning to sell cigarettes in general. To begin with quitting bans on smoking at home would greatly influence the progression of smoking among adolescents and young adults. A study conducted on the impact of home smoking bans identified development stages of smoking behavior into emerging adulthood and revealed the effect of home smoking ban on prevalence and transition of smoking among adolescents aged between 16-18 years (Mathur et al., 2014). The study also assessed the effects home bans across smoking status or parents. The outcome suggested that the effectiveness of home smoking bans and youth smoking was related to the smoking status of parents. It was noted that home bans on smoking had protective effects on the introduction ad rise of smoking behavior. A home ban on smoking during late adolescence reduced the proportion of young adults in the user proportion at a time despite the parental smoking status. Therefore, imposition of a home smoking ban reduced the prevalence and transitions of smoking behavior among i ndividuals. This shows the importance of intervening at the environmental level, which can yield positive outcomes (Mathur et al., 2014). Therefore, home smoking bans may be an ideal way to attain lifelong anti-tobacco attitudes and behavior among individuals and the entire generation. For stronger believe that smoking can be quitted, studies have concluded that home smoking rules reduce smoking at home (Mathur et al., 2014). However, it emerged that it is easier to restrict home smoking in homes with few or less addicted smokers than in households with many or heavily addicted smokers (Joseph et al., 2014). The average values of households with a complete ban on smoking were significantly less than the average values for households without smoking limits on their children. This however, can be affected by the attitude of smokers. People with pleasant and wise attitudes would be easy to comply with a smoking restriction than people with unpleasant and foolish attitudes. Smokers who try to quit should avoid places where people smoke, so it can prevent and even protect them from the desire to return to their habit â€Å"to the old road†. For the greater fear of starting smoking, manufactures should make large, â€Å"true† and â€Å"understandable† anti-smoking advertisements. According to news presented in Fox Business Network about 8.3 billion dollars is invested in marketing cigarettes to consumers. Although there has been considerable reduction in consumption of cigarettes and tobacco products in general since the 1980’s due to government’s vivid anti-smoking campaign and other advertisements advocating against smoking of cigarettes, the industry is still enormous in United States and gigantic in third world countries where not much attention is giving to public health. In an article published at â€Å"IndiaTimes† newspaper the reporter blames the modernized advertisements which shows smoking to be a â€Å"cool† social activity has led youngsters to be more inclined towards smoking. Once again, the blame goes towards the people who are making money out of cigarettes. Peopl e are ostracizing the use of cigarettes, the companies are using tactics and cunning manipulations to divert our brains from realizing the harmful effects of cigarette smoking. Since quitting can be quite difficult for a lot of smokers, doctors designed nicotine replacement therapies that help heavy smokers to reduce amount of smoking cigarettes and then less painful to kick their habit. According to survey, asking about what nicotine replacement stand for, medical experts answer: â€Å"Nicotine replacement therapies are medications that provide nicotine without the other harmful components of cigarette smoke.† To be most effective, nicotine replacement therapy should be used with a cessation program that addresses a persons psychological dependence on smoking. By chewing gum containing nicotine or wearing a transdermal patch from which the skin absorbs nicotine, a smokers withdrawal symptoms are significantly decreased or eliminated. For decreasing the health problems and death caused by cigarette smoking stores should increase price for cigarettes, banning to sell cigarettes to children and teenagers, and limitation all kinds of cigarettes in stores. Dr. Amy Lukowski, clinical director of Health Initiatives Programs for the National Jewish Health Center in Denver says, â€Å"That’s really the ultimate goal – to have the world free from the death and destruction it causes, †¦ How we do that? That’s the million-dollar question.†Cigarettes smoking have variety of implications both to the users and non-users. As noted earlier, cigarette smoking has serious health complications to the individuals inhaling the smoke. Cigarettes are not like alcohol or other drugs that only affect the user, there is no effective method to ensure that the smoke do not diffuse to the atmosphere, contrary, the smoke is freely released to the atmosphere and the people around the smoker inhale it involunta ry. In the process, the non-smokers will be like the cigarette smokers because of inhaling the smoke, continuous exposure to such smoke may lead to development of health complications. It is said that, the smoke released after smoking is more dangerous than the one inhaled by the smoker (Peruga, Armando, et al. 55). This means that, the non-smokers get to inhale the most and more poisonous. Some countries have gone ahead to ban smoking in public places in efforts to control the effects passed to non-smokers but the initiative is not enough to completely eliminate the negative effects caused by cigarette smoking. In some cases, the cigarette smokers may not abide by the regulations to only smoke at the allowed places and hence again endangering the non-smokers by public smoking. One of the anonymous people in the survey about should cigarettes be banned in stores or no, he responded saying, â€Å"We have known for a long time now that smoking is severely detrimental to health, it costs the country enormous amounts of money in medical expenses, it harms even those who are not smoking but are around smokers. We should be aiming to stamp smoking out of society altoget her now. [Smoking] do nothing positive at all for the body.† Thus, banning sale of cigarettes will go a long way in controlling the number of non-smokers affected by cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is a behavioral practice that is evidently common in most societies. Over the years, there have been various discussions on how best to control the negative impacts caused by cigarettes. At first, to quit smoking isn’t an easy task because companies make cigarettes extra addictive and make them seem more appealing. It’s important to quit smoking, because it causes big health issues and diseases. To kick the habit should be started at home, to prevent children from becoming smokers. Also, quitting should be directed in nicotine replacement therapy. Another equally important aspect for quitting is that made mandatory that all companies producing and selling cigarettes must have a disclaimer in their packaging about the harmful effects of smoking and then reducing the cigarettes at the stores. There is need to implement policies that will be highly effective in controlling the negative effects of cigarette smoking. Banning the sale of cigarettes will eme rge as the good method because, the cigarettes will not be readily available as there is in the current world. I believe that smokers should be more considerate towards nonsmokers. They should realize the health hazards they are putting upon them and smoke their cigarette outside where the smoke can dissipate. It is very difficult to quit smoking, so it’s better not to start smoking than to fight this bad habit with all your strength and getting better with your â€Å"health effected conditions†.

The Feathered Serpent God, Quetzalcoatlus

My First Online Semester At Sussex And Wow - 866 Words

Here I am already halfway through my first online semester here at Sussex and wow has it gone by really quickly. It was just seven weeks ago that we all started here and even though the first half of it is over, we all got a long road ahead of us until we reach the end of the semester. Some people can make the mistake of starting to wind down because of the fact that it’s almost over. We just got to stay focused and not take anything for granted. I definitely think that I’ve come quite a long way since I first wrote that first journal entry of â€Å"Telling the truth†. Thinking back on that journal entry, I remember how I talked about how I didn’t really have any good study habits nor did I have good time management skills. As these weeks have gone by and especially with the help of this foundations class, I can definitely notice a change in my school habits. When it comes to how my general study habits have changed, I’ve been finding way to get mys elf to sit down and get homework done a lot more often and it’s become easier as well to do so. A trick that I figured out is that the best thing that works for me is that instead of sitting at home with an endless amount of distractions, I pack up my things and I’ll go to a coffee shop somewhere and do homework there. I also try to change up the places I go in order to keep things from feeling dull. My time management skills are still struggling a little bit but I’m definitely noticing an improvement compared to the beginning of theShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succe ed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Drug Abuse And Drug Addiction - 775 Words

Drug Abuse Treatment 6.15 6.23 6.49 6.73 7.21 7.55 7.66 7.85 7.89 8.83 Percentage of Total Funding 30.9% 30.2% 29.9% 30.8% 29.0% 30.7% 31.4% 32.0% 31.3% 35.0% Drug Abuse Prevention 2.04 1.96 1.93 1.84 1.95 1.56 1.48 1.34 1.28 1.28 Percentage of Total Funding 10.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 7.8% 6.3% 6.1% 5.5% 5.1% 5.1% Total Demand Reduction 8.19 8.19 8.43 8.57 9.16 9.11 9.14 9.19 9.16 10.10 Percentage of Total Funding 41.2% 39.7% 38.9% 39.2% 36.9% 37.0% 37.5% 37.5% 38.5% 40.1% Supply Reduction Domestic Law Enforcement 7.38 7.60 8.02 8.30 9.47 9.25 9.22 9.45 8.85 9.27 Percentage of Total Funding 37.1% 36.9% 37.0% 38.0% 38.1% 37.6% 37.8% 38.5% 35.1% 36.8% Interdiction (DEA) 2.43 2.92 3.05 2.97 3.70 3.66 3.98 4.04 3.94 4.05 Percentage of Total Funding 12.2% 14.2% 14.1% 13.6% 14.9% 14.9% 16.3% 16.5% 15.6% 16.1% International 1.87 1.90 2.19 2.00 2.53 2.60 2.03 1.83 1.85 1.79 Percentage of Total Funding 9.4% 9.2% 10.1% 9.2% 10.2% 10.6% 8.3% 7.5% 7.3% 7.1% Total Supply Reduction 11.69 12.42 13.26 13.27 15.70 15.51 15.23 15.32 14.64 15.12 Percentage of Total Funding 58.8% 60.3% 61.1% 60.8% 63.1% 63.0% 62.5% 62.5% 61.5% 59.9% Total Funding 19.88 20.62 21.68 21.83 24.86 24.62 24.37 24.50 23.80 25.21 Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), National Drug Control Budget: FY2015 Funding Highlights, March 2014,Show MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. 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This number isRead MorePaper Drug Abuse Drug Addiction1403 Words   |  6 PagesKeisha Ellis Drug Abuse Drug Addiction SOC 203 Social Problems Instructor Ely May 11, 2015 Numerous individuals do not comprehend why individuals get to be dependent on drugs or how drugs can change the mind to cultivate enthusiastic drug abuse. They erroneously view drug misuse and dependence as entirely a social issue and may describe the individuals who take drugs as ethically powerless (Alving, Matyas, Torres, Jalah, Beck, 2014). One extremely regular belief is that drugs abusersRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction1261 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction Individuals are well on the way to begin drug abuse including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and many more drugs which are illegal. It has been seen that most affected category falls under the effect of drug abuse is adolescence and young adulthood. The percentage of senior students during their high school, who will have tried alcohol is 70 percent in the ratio and 40 percent of them start smoking and nearly 20 percent of them start taking prescription drugs. (National InstituteRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Consequences Of Drug Addiction1593 Words   |  7 PagesDrug addiction has become prevalent in our societies today such as the use of heroin. Using Marc, Lewis (2011) text â€Å"Memoirs of an Addicted Brain: A Neuroscientist Examines his Former Life on Drugs† this paper focuses on drug abuse, heroin, and the consequences that the users face as they battle their addiction and related problems. In the text, chapter 8 provides a significant background and overview of Heroin as a drug, hence major section of this paper will rely on facts provided within this chapterRead MoreAddiction : Drug Abuse, Tolerance, And Addiction2246 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction is a worldwide disease that is not discriminatory against whom it affects. 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Mahsa Free Essays

But, it is not a problem at all from the view of human rights. The author claims that homosexual marriage is neither culturally nor physiologically possible and it is a dead-end street without the cooperation of a third party due to extinction of generation. He satirized that gay marriage is not programmed properly and there are hardware problems as well in cyber language. We will write a custom essay sample on Mahsa or any similar topic only for you Order Now He explores the question of whether homosexuality is an immutable characteristic because there is no evidence for the claim that homosexuality Is genetic, hormonal or biological from any school of medicine, medical Journal or professional organization. He comments that homosexuals are the richest, most educated and most traveled demographic group although they are few in number. He believes that homosexuality is a behavior-based life-style and presents the 1986 Supreme Court decision of Bowers vs.. Hardwire case for claim that gay marriage is state’s public school curriculum and homosexual marriage should be taught to their children as â€Å"abnormally’. To reinforce his views, he insists that churches may resist homosexual weddings and it may be used as a basis for denying them access to all kinds of government programs. And, Catholic churches were singled out by the city and denied aid for providing emergency shelter to the city homeless for resistance against homosexual â€Å"rights† ordinances. Sheldon asserts that â€Å"homosexual marriage† is an oxymoron, unnatural and against our country most basic standards. Finally, he reports that every reputable public opinion poll demonstrates that nearly 8 of every 10 Americans don’t accept the pretence of â€Å"homosexual marriage. † Although homosexual marriage is not generational, his claim is narrow view about marriage. The meaning of marriage is not limited on only preserving our species. Everyone has a right to pursue one’s happiness through living with a person whom one loved. Also, all mankind has the right to pursue one’s civil liberties. The only action that should be banned from doing is the action that causes harm on someone else, but homosexual marriage does not cause harm in many cases. We need to consider that we could not predicate homosexual to be behavior-based life-style Just because there is no recognition from any school of medicine, medical journal or professional organization that homosexuality is genetic, hormonal or biological. A questionable aspect of this article is that homosexuals are the richest, cost educated and most traveled demographic group. The author should provide evidence to support his views. Another questionable aspect of this article is that homosexuality is not a constitutionally protected right. Homosexuals are the citizens of the United States who phototypesetting’s a citizen. They’ve taxes, obey laws, vote and educate themselves, etc. So, their right should be guaranteed discriminated. According to the article 2 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration. This indicates that being homosexual should not effect on possessing the right of marriage and having family. His claim has no bases why homosexuality should be taught to children as the â€Å"abnormally’ and why churches stopped supporting for providing emergency shelter to city homeless. He looks like worrying that admitting same sex marriage will make homosexuality as kind of a trend and will be spread over people. And, it is questionable why churches used homeless people as sacrifices to against homosexuality. I could not find any relationship between homosexuals and homeless people. In a final shortcoming in the article, the author claims that ‘homosexual marriage’ is against our country most basic standard. He should explain in detail what standards are and how ‘homosexual marriage’ is against those. Despite these criticism, the author’s claim should not be criticized as a witch hunting. People against homosexuality and people supportive homosexuality Just have different opinions. In my view, more systematic and comprehensive research of this issue is needed including the countries which legalized same-sex marriage before any firm conclusion can be drawn. How to cite Mahsa, Papers

HIV Pandemic free essay sample

We are entering the third decade of what may be the most devastating epidemic in human history: HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS Pandemic is a large-scale epidemic affecting more than one country. AIDS was first clinically diagnosed in the early 1980s but retrospective diagnosis suggests it existed well before this date. AIDS is a syndrome, which develops from an impaired ability to fight diseases. It undermines the body’s defenses against viruses, infections and malignancies. Here, we describe the origins and evolution of these viruses, and the circumstances that led to the AIDS pandemic. Pandemic Assignment Since scientists identified the HIV as the cause of AIDS in 1983, it has spread insistently, causing one of the most harmful pandemics ever recorded in human history. However, concerted global efforts to fight the pandemic are making a significant difference. More than nine million people living with HIV in low and middle-income countries now have access to life-saving antiretroviral treatments. We will write a custom essay sample on HIV Pandemic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Overview Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades the body through the exchange of certain body fluids. The virus invades cells such as T helper cells and begins to replicate itself in the human body. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses, â€Å"HIV-1 and HIV-2; HIV-1 accounts for the majority of infections in the world, and has at least 10 genetic subtypes† (Lamptey, Wigley, Carr, Collymore, 2002). Both HIVs are the result of multiple cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) naturally infecting African primates. However, as according to Sharp Hahn (2011), one transmission event, involving SIVcpz from chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon, gave rise to HIV-1 group M—the principal cause of the AIDS pandemic† and noted that by â€Å"tracing the genetic changes that occurred as SIVs crossed from monkeys to apes and from apes to humans†. AIDS Pandemic and the Efforts to Stop HIV/AIDS According to Merson â€Å"on June 5, 1981, few suspected a pandemic of AIDS when the Centers for Disease Control reported five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in young homosexual men in Los Angeles† (2006). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) reported that all the men had other unusual infections as well, indicating that their immune systems were not working; two had already died by the time the report was published. In a timeline created by AIDS. com, â€Å"this edition of the MMWR marks the first official reporting of what will become known as the AIDS epidemic† (2014). Although â€Å"after pandemic HIV-1 first emerged in colonial west central Africa, it spread for some 50 to 70 years before it was recognized† (Sharp Hahn, 2011) because phylogenetic and statistical analyses have dated the last common ancestor of HIV-1 to around 1910 to 1930. For a while the American government completely ignored the emerging AIDS pandemic. The first attempt to treat HIV was in â€Å"September 1986, when early results from clinical trials involving AZT (zidovudine) – a drug that was first investigated as a cancer treatment – showed that it might slow the attack of HIV† (AVERT, 2013). Although AZT could slow progression to AIDS in HIV positive individuals with no symptoms, a year’s supply for each person would cost around seven-thousand dollars and many did not have adequate health insurance to cover the cost. In 1995, â€Å"FDA announced that the drug 3TC (lamivudine) had been approved for use in combination with AZT in treating AIDS and HIV† (AVERT, 2013) after a number of studies had shown that HIV could quickly become resistant to AZT and that the drug had no benefit for those in the early stages of the disease. On April 5th 1990 Ryan White, schoolboy who had become infected with HIV via a blood transfusion for his haemophilia, died. He was known for his fight to return to public school after he was banned due to fears of spreading of AIDS to other children. â€Å"Following Ryan’s death, the American government implemented a new programme named after him – the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act† (AVERT, 2013). Its aim was to improve the quality and availability of care for low-income, uninsured and underinsured individuals and families affected by HIV. In 2000, the government funded programs such as needle exchange services and abstinence-only education and in 2001 the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) set a goal to halve the number of people infected with HIV each year in the USA to 20,000 by the end of 2005 but by 2003 it was already clear that the CDC’s goal would be missed, the number of new infections had shown no sign of declining. In 2006, President Bush signed the reauthorisation of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, â€Å"since its creation in 1990 the program had provided federal funding for thousands of Americans living with HIV/AIDS unable to pay for their treatment themselves† (AVERT, 2013). In 2007, raltegravir – was approved by the FDA which according to AVERT â€Å"Raltegravir was the first of a new class called integrase inhibitors† and â€Å"the significant progress in treatment proved to be particularly important to thousands of HIV positive Americans whose treatment had been failing due to drug resistance (2013). It was believed to provide extended years of meaningful survival to patients. In July 2010, â€Å"the USAs first HIV/AIDS Strategy was released† (The White House Office of National AIDS Policy, 2010) and reducing new HIV infections was included as one of the Strategys three core aims. According to AVERT (2013), â€Å"in order to reduce new infections without an increase in funding, the Strategy recommended that HIV prevention efforts be intensified in the communities where HIV is the most heavily concentrated†. MedlinePlus concluded that â€Å"there is no cure or vaccine to prevent HIV/AIDS, but early detection through HIV testing and treatment can frequently turn this fatal disease into a manageable chronic disease† (2009). The HIV-1 pandemic is a complex mix of diverse epidemics within and between countries and regions of the world. â€Å"AIDS remains the fourth leading cause of death in low-income countries† (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 2014). While there will never be a solution to HIV and AIDS, a preventive vaccine would do a great deal to curb the pandemic. But unfortunately, the problem with developing a vaccine is that the HIV genome mutates very quickly. Stowell (2006) explains that all organisms vary a little throughout the centuries. The HIV genome mutates around 1000 times more quickly than the human genome around 1000 times more mutations accumulate in a single year, relative to the length of the genome. Antiretroviral treatment has transformed AIDS from an inevitably fatal condition to a chronic, manageable disease in some settings.  Johannesburg (2010) cited The Lancet medical journal, which published a study that predicts that by 2031 – about 50 years into the HIV epidemic – annual new HIV infections will be roughly halved to about 1. 2 million.

Introduction to Accounting- Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Let us assume a Company has Fixed Costs associated with its factory of $1 million the Factory can produce (and sell) half a million widgets a year, and the Costs associated with producing each widget is $1 and the price is $4.How many widgets are required to be produced for a $1 million Profit? Answer: Computation of Target Profit Particulars Amount ($) Fixed cost 1000000 Target Profit 1000000 Selling price per unit 4 Cost per unit 1 Units = (Fixed Costs + Target Profit) / (Selling price - Cost) 2000000 Units = ( $1000000 + $1000000) / ($4+$1) 3 Units = 6,66,667 The company is required to produce 6,66,667 units of Widgets to reach a target profit of $1 million. Reference List: Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. DRURY, C. M. (2013).Management and cost accounting. Springer.

The Communist Manifesto Essays - Anti-capitalism, Marxist Theory

The Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx Also words by Friedrich Engles and A JP Taylor Volumes and volumes could be written about communism, but in fact, the actual Communist Manifesto is a mere forty pages. Karl Marx, the principal former of communism as we know it now, later wrote many books fulfilling the outline or skeleton of communism, which is the Communist Manifesto. Communism cannot be summed up in one sentence, but it can be summed up in ten main ideas, sort of like the Ten Commandments of true communism. We know communism did not work, because of one main reason: it defies human nature and human rights. Although communism in different countries and years might differ, the following is an outline of what is done to have a communist government as described in length in the Communist Manifesto: 1. All private property has to be annihilated and turned into public property. This means that all property will go to the government (who knows how greedily they will use it) and distributed fairly within all the masses. Later on this part also included food, clothes and personal items to be distributed evenly in rations like the property was, but Marx did not say this in his manifesto. 2. A large progressive income tax. This made it so that everyone receives almost the same income; of course this does not include the aristocracy, which Marx was not thinking of...or was he? 3. This one is simple: abolition of right of inheritance. Basically the money goes to the government once again and they are suppose to use it to benefit the country. 4. Property of emigrants and rebels is taken away, and sent to the government who are meant to use it for the benefit of the country. 5. All of the people's money in the country is in one national bank and in the hands of the state. Who knows what might happen to the money in the bank? 6. Communication and transportation is in the hands of the state. This basically means no free speech; the government takes the right to censor any publications and thoughts, like ones against the government. Marx would not be able to write this manifesto without this right. It also means that the state will censor where you go and leaving the country, like in bad times. 7. Basically what Marx meant here, is that there is always improvement and progress agriculturally, and that agriculture and farming should be very important. This happens in a normal country, but I think Marx is trying to get people on his side (like our president does often instead of just improving the country, it is basically doing things to make certain people happy). Marx might also be just a little WACO. 8. All men have to work, and establishment of industrial armies. Even Marx himself noted that laziness might overtake the populous, but he then said that they would be able to undertake the laziness and become better people. Marx obviously does not understand human nature. 9. The destruction or abolition of the distinction between town and country by a combination of agriculture and manufacturing industries and, also by evenly distributing the population across the country. There is one problem here, for instance, the people living in Siberia might revolt on this matter because of the unfavorable location that they have to live in. The point of this is to help make fewer conflicts between townsmen and countrymen. 10. Free education in public schools and elimination of child labor. When learning in school, you also learn about industrial production. This means that while learning normal school stuff, you also learn an occupation. When all this is done in every civilized country and it is running smoothly (yeah right) "WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!" (Then, after all this is completed we have a perfect world or Utopia, just what Marx wanted, but life is about conflicts and problems) There are many flaws and problems considering human nature and human rights in Marx's Communist Manifesto. First of all, a Utopian society is impossible and it is just a dream by Thomas Moore. To think that one day we would reach Utopia is ridiculous, part of human life is conflicts, or what would life be, the Brady Bunch. First, people like to